Master plan for preservation and restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe
programme and meeting document
Corporate author
- UNESCO Office in Beijing
Collation
- 130 p., illus., plans
Language
- English
Year of publication
- 1999
Master Plan for Preservation and Restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe UNESCO Beijing officeHI i_. I -4 ~ ^% j: r. t --.y v^ ^^ >.Master Plan for Preservation and Restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe Published in 1999 by UNESCO Beijing office Edited by Planning Institute for Conservation of Cultural Propertiesr oreword The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, located near Turfan city in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, are the remains of an ancient city which existed for centuries from at least 2000 years ago and was a key point on the Silk Road. This city played an important role in exchanges between East and West, and was also a strategic point for maintaining rule over the vast West Region of China. Sitting on top of a 30- metre sheer cliff that rises from the surrounding river beds, its architectural structures still exist as a reminder of their original outlook in the 4th and the 5th centuries, having survived severe natural conditions such as large variations of heat and cold, extremely dry air, and occasional storms. The ruins are a precious legacy of mankind that is unparalleled in the world. The protection and conservation project of the Jiaohe ruins was carried out from 1992 to 1996 with the financial support of the Japanese trust fund to UNESCO to which the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs contributes for the preservation of cultural heritage. The UNESCO Beijing office was greatly honoured to be able to be involved in this enterprise, and we again feel a heavy responsibility for future cultural projects in this area. This publication compiles a report of the project results, as well as guidelines for a long-term conservation plan through which the government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region will continue their investigation, research and conservation work. All data and photographs used in this publication were provided by the Xinjiang Agency for Cultural Affairs, the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs, and the Nara National Research Institute of Cultural Properties who all took part in the project. Editing and publishing works were undertaken by the Planning Institute for Conservation of Cultural Properties, Tokyo. We would like to express our profound gratitude to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which supported this project, and also our great appreciation for the effort of all who have been involved in the implementation of this project. On this occasion, I would like to express my hope that much more concern will be expressed for the preservation of our cultural heritage, ensuring those precious properties of mankind be passed on to future generations. November, 1998 Noboru NOGUCHI Representative, UNESCO Beijing officeontents 1. Objectives of the Project 7 1-1 Objectives of the Project 7 1-2 Progress of the Project 7 2. Brief Introduction to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 9 2- 1 Location 9 2-2 Scale 9 2-3 History 1 0 2-4 Geographical and Historical Background 10 2-5 Urban Structure 12 2-6 Remaining Structures of the Ruins 17 2-7 Architectural Features 23 2-8 Neighboring Ancient Ruins - 25 3. Evaluation of the Value of the Ruins 31 3-1 Historical Value 31 3-2 Value of the Urban and Architectural History 32 4. Present State of the Ruins 33 4-1 Past Repairs 33 4-2 Environment 34 4-3 State of Damage 36 4-4 Administrative Management of the Ruins 40 4-5 Landscape 41 5. Survey and Findings of the First Phase (1992-1995) 43 5-1 Archaeological Survey 43 5-2 Historical Studies 48 5-3 Measurement Survey 56 5-4 Study of the orignal shape of the Northwest Small Temple 59 5-5 Damage Study 70 5-6 Physiochemical and Engineering Studies 77 5-7 Micro-climate Observation 80Master Plan for Preservation and Restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 6. Summary of Preservation and Restoration of the First Phase (1992-1995) 81 6- 1 Trial Execution of the Collapse-prevention Measures of the Cliff Side 82 6-2 Preservation of the Northwest Small Temple - 83 6-3 Exhibition of Replica of the Northwest Small Temple 89 6-4 Construction Work of the Embankment 102 6-5 Plan for Visitor's Paths 103 6-6 Improvement of Explanatory Facilities and Outdoor Exhibitions 105 6-7 Construction of the Base Camp - 106 6-8 Emergency Preservation Works 107 7. Policy of Preservation Plan 110 7-1 Policy of Preservation Plan 110 7-2 Sitescape Preservation 1 1 1 8. Plan for Preservation and Restoration 112 8-1 Overall Plan 112 8-2 Collapse-prevention Plan of the Cliff Side 1 14 8-3 Physical Treatment Plan of the Ruins 116 8-4 Chemical Treatment Plan of the Ruins 118 8-5 Repair and Restoration Plan 119 8-6 Plan of the Visitors' Paths 122 8-7 Plan of Information and Exhibition 123 8-8 Plan of Investigation Facilities 124 8-9 Plan of Public Utility Facilities 125 8-10 Management and Administration Plan 125 8-11 Wide-area Preservation Plan 126 8-12 Cultural Tourism and Turfan 127 8-13 Sitescape Preservation and Buffer Zone Plan 128 8-14 Plan for Managing Organization 128 AppendixSince it is impossible to mention the names of all the people who participated in the first phase of the preservation and restoration project of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, the following list includes only some of the people involved. Xie Yao Hua : Xinjiang Provincial Cultural Bureau, China Yue Feng : Xinjiang Prefectural Bureau of Cultural Relics, China Liang Tao : Xinjiang Ancient Architecture Protection and Conservation Office Li Jun : Xinjiang Prefectural Bureau of Cultural Relics, China Yang Yi Yong : Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology, China Liu Xue Tang : Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology, China Tian Lin : Xinjiang Museum, China Li Xiao : Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology, China Pang Lei : Xinjiang Provincial Cultural Bureau, China Ceng Yun Fei : Turfan Office of Culture Relics Management Akira MACHIDA : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Tetsuo TANAKA : Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan Yuzo KATSURA : Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan Tsuyoshi OZAWA : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Kenkichi ONO : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Takashi MURAKAMI : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Taisaku ITOH : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Masatoshi SAGAWA : Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan Hiroshi SHIGEMORI : Asia Air Survey CO., LTD Shigekazu NAKAZAWA : Research Institute of Technology, Konoike Construction CO., LTD Noboru NOGUCHI : Representative of UNESCO Beijing office Shikon TAKEI : Former representative of UNESCO Beijing office Noboru MORIMOTO : UNESCO Beijing office Edmond MOUKALA : UNESCO Beijing office Kazuyuki YANO : Planning Institute for Conservation of Cultural Properties * Titles of the individuals are those at the time of the project. Introductory remarks This publication reports the achievements of the first phase of the preservation and restoration project of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe between 1 992 and 1995 sponsored by the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund. It also introduces the long-term plan of investigation, research and restoration work to be carried out by the government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The Planning Institute for Conservation of Cultural Properties prepared this report for the UNESCO Beijing office through the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund. The photos and data in this report were provided by specialists from the Culture Agency of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan and the Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute who participated in the preservation and restoration project of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, as well as by Planning Institute for Conservation of Cultural Properties.® Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region > X Explanatory notes i i » i i * i mainroad river railway Location of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe1. Objectives of the Project 1-1 Objectives of the Project The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, located 10 kilometers west of Turfan City in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, are the ruins of the fortress of Gaochang Ward of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Tang Dynasty. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, designated as a nation-wide major arts and sciences protection unit by the Department of States in 1961, were a strategic point of the ancient Silk Road and in ancient times had an important position and influence on the history of Xinjiang and on economic and cultural exchanges between East and West. The Jiaohe developed over more than 1,500 years, and more than 2,000 years have elapsed since its foundation. A variety of ancient ruins and structures remain and which have profound cultural value. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are a unique remnant of antiquity and are of great nationwide historical value existing alongside a large number of other architectural ruins and structures preserved since the West-Han era of more than 2,000 years ago. The site is composed in the most part of soil and the remains of a considerable number of structures such as temples, dwellings, pagodas and government offices. However, severe meteorological conditions, the geological characteristics of the plateau where the ruins are located, and the destructive effects of human activity have caused the deterioration process to have been in progress over a long period. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need for activities aimed at the preservation of the Ancient Ruins Jiaohe and their passing on to the future. In other words, attempts should be made to develop methods and techniques for extending the lifespan of these ancient ruins and to improve the infrastructure to allow for better maintenance of the existing ruins and the easing of the effects of deteriorative factors. In addition, this project aims not only to conserve the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe but also to develop knowledge and techniques for archaeological preservation and restoration in China. We have established a long-term master plan which shows the direction of conservation and development in the future for not only the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe but also neighboring ancient ruins. Furthermore, it is expected that the conservation project of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe will foster closer relationships among Japan, China and UNESCO, through academic collaboration and international exchange. Currenüy, the Chinese government is considering applying for the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe to be nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage list. 1-2 Progress of the Project Surveys on the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe have been made several times in the past including during the period prior to the formation of the People's Republic of China. An expedition party led by Dr. S. Hedin from Germany and Japan's Otani Expedition surveyed the Silk Road at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1928 and 1929, three hundred sites of ancient tombs on the plateau above the opposite shore to the west of the current site were surveyed by Huang Wenbi. Liu Gnan Min, who participated in a survey on tomb areas of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in 1956, published his observations in the "Survey Report on the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe" (the fifthterm of 1959) . This report is a work which deserves praise in that it has revealed the entire picture of the ancient ruins based on records of measured data. The survey in 1956 was performed at thirty sites including the western shore opposite to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. The site at Jiaohe was designated as a nationwide major arts and sciences protection unit by the Department of States in 1961. From 1980, excavations of ancient tombs have been conducted at five different sites by the Xinjiang Historical Museum, primary excavation surveys and simple measurements have been made for the affirmation of ancient ruins, and measurements and aerial photographic surveying of the entire site have been undertaken. Tentative preservation measures were taken during the period 1978-1982 to protect structures that were in danger of collapsing. In the northwestern region of China, there are many ancient ruins of architectural structures built by carving into natural ground, ramming or piling of wet bricks, or with the use of sun-dried bricks. How to preserve ancient ruins made of soil will become an important subject in the near future. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are a characteristic example, and the project will be promoted as a pilot project for preservation of such ancient sites. For this purpose, international support is required through UNESCO, and the project commenced with the expectation of international cooperation and exchange, as well as academic collaboration between Japan and China. The first phase project was implemented in two work terms. The first term, which started in 1992, was mainly used for the collection of information on protection methods and techniques, physical, chemical and technical research, surveying, and setting up the base camp. In the second term from 1994 to 1995, the main activities were excavation surveys, photographic surveying, the preservation of the Northwest Small Temple, the improvement of paths for visitors, the placement of explanatory notice boards, and the exhibition of a replica of the Northwest Small Temple. Fig 1.1 Budget of the first phase project (in First term 11-01 11-41 13-01 16-01 International experts International advisors Coodinators Delegation 19 Sub total US dollar) Second term 20,000 20,000 10.800 6,000 56,800 21 -01 Development of the master plan 42,200 21-02 Plan on ruins restoration 9,000 21-03 Reserch on erosion control 19,500 21-04 Meteological deta collection 10,000 29 30-01 39 Sub total Staffs training Sub total 80,700 8,500 8,500 41-01 Consumable apparatus 3,000 42-01 Non-consumable apparatus 120,000 43-01 Base camp construction 50,000 49 52-01 53-02 59 80 99 Sub total Report and public rerations Miscellaneus fees Sub total Total of budget Administration Total 173,000 20,000 6,000 26,000 345,000 44,850 389,850 11-01 11-41 13-01 16-01 International experts International advisors Coordination Missions 130,500 20,000 19 21-01 21-04 29 33-01 39 Sub total Development of the master plan Supervision and management Sub total Train ng of the staffs Sub total 150,500 61 ,500 5,000 66,500 14.500 14,500 41-01 Consumable equipments 5,000 42-01 Non-consumable equipments 1 1 ,500 43-01 Restoration of the Northwest Small Temple 1 1 0,000 43-02 Construction of the protective dike 1 00,000 43-03 Construction of tourist path and sign boards 22.000 49 52-01 53-02 59 80 99 Sub total Report preparation Miscellanea Sub total Total of budget Administration Total and public relation 248,500 50.000 10,000 60,000 540,000 70,150 610,1502-1 Location 2. Brief Introduction to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe The ruins of Jiaohe are located in Yaemaizi Groove Village, 10 kilometers west of Turfan City in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. They lie between 88° 29' and 89° 54' east, and 42° 15' and 43° 35' north. ' Turfan City is 180 kilometers southeast of Urmuqi City, the capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The journey from Urmuqi to Turfan takes about four hours by car through the Turfan Basin and the Tianshan Mountains. Although in a desert area, the ruins themselves are situated at the edge of an oasis which is located at the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains and which is created by underground water from the mountains. The Turfan Basin is a well-known low lying area, and Aydingkol Lake, located to the south of Turfan City, is at an altitude of about 154 meters below sea level. This is the next lowest lying area in the world after the Dead Sea. 2-2 Scale The city is situated on a plateau formed as a result of river bifurcation. With a high cliff rising 30 meters above the river bed, the isle-form plateau is in the shape of a willow leaf and extends from northwest to southeast. It measures about 1 .75 kilometers in length from south to north and about 0.3 kilometers in width. It has an area of 35.4 hectares. It is at an altitude of 43.95 meters above sea level in the southeast, about 82.16 meters above sea level in the northwest. Furthermore, the area beyond the river to the west of the site is occupied by ancient tombs, graves and Buddhist caves associated with the site. If this area were to be included, the site of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe would be larger. Fig. 2.1 Location of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe S=1 :500002-3 History The ancient city of Jiaohe was located on one of the ancient commercial routes connecting the West with the East which are commonly referred to as the Silk Road. It became not only an important market for goods but also a center of new ideas and knowledge from many different, relatively affluent cultures. The city was built in the pre-Han era of about the second century BC and was prosperous for more than 1,500 years until the fourteenth century AD It was not until the second century BC that the name "Jiaohe" appeared in the historical literature of the Han Era, the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe being described as a castle city of the Jushi Kingdom. A description in the "Chinese West Region Biography" reads, "The King of the Pre-Jushi nation reigned over the domain of Jiaohe. The river splits to surround the City plateau, and the domain was thus named 'Jiaohe' (meaning River Crossing)." It might be that the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe existed from earlier times as the Jushi race has been thought to have founded their nation at the latest in the latter part of the turbulent age. Although the Pre-Jushi nation was often attacked by the Han and the Huns, the dynasty maintained its power as the Oasis State. In 450, Qiequ Anzhou, a descendant of the Northern Liang, united the Turfan Basin and founded the Gaochang Dynasty. The Pre-Jushi nation was overthrown at this time. Major political, economical and cultural activities of Turfan were transferred to the center of the Gaochang Kingdom and Jiaohe became one of the districts under the dynasty's power. Jiaohe was regarded as the secondary capital, and a prince's garrison was established there to make it a strategic location. The Tang Dynasty overpowered the Gaochang Dynasty in 640 and established the Anxi Duhufu at Jiaohe in 640. The Anxi Duhufu was moved to Qiuci in 658 and was renamed as the Xizhou Duhufu. Jiaohe was of great military significance in the western area of the kingdom, and it remained an important military post during the Uygur Gaochang Era which succeeded in the ninth century. Over the ensuing decades the city declined and, finally, was destroyed by fire from a rebellion late in the Yuan Dynasty in the latter half of the fourteenth century. Ever since then Jiaohe has remained uninhabited except for a very small population that dwelt there during the Min Era. 2-4 Geographical and Historical Background Jiaohe is located in the northern part of the Turfan Basin to the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The area is called the West Region, where small oasis states have repeatedly risen and fallen from olden times. The Jushi nation by which the Jiaohe Castle was built was among those oasis states. Trade routes connected China with the West before such routes were formally recorded in historical literature. However, official discourse between China and the West started only after Zhang Qian was dispatched (139-126 BC) to the West Region by order of Wu-Ti in the Han Era. After China formed relationships with countries in Central Asia and the West, delegates and merchants started visiting China, bringing new commodities and cultures with them. Buddhism, which originated in India, was also brought to China through the West Region. Two routes to the West, from Yumenguan and Yangguan barrier stations, are recorded in the Chinese West Region Biography of the historical literature of the Han Era. One is the Southern 10West Region Route which starts from Miran, the southern boundary of Lop-nor, running north of the Kunlun Mountains to the west through Hotan and Yarkand, crossing over the Pamirs to north Afghanistan. The other route, the northern West Region route, starts from Jushi (Turfan), passes through Karashar and Qiuci, situated at the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, then crosses over the Pamirs from Kashgar. All oasis states in the Tarim Basin flourished from trade traffic between East and West. The Tang Dynasty gained ascendancy over all of the Tarim Basin and established the Anxi Duhufu in Gaochang which later became Qiuci in the middle of the seventh century. The Dynasty placed importance in trade between West and East and set the Anxi Duhufu as the center and trade flourished. Then a drought in the Lop-nor region worsened and reduced the use of the southern West Region route. The Northern West Region Route separated into two routes. One was the Southern Tianshan Route going to the north from Dunhuang to Hami, then to Kashgar from Gaochang. The other was the Northern Tianshan Route which passed along the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. Although in this area Turkish races, including Uygur, currently dominate the population of the West Region, it was the Aryans who constituted the largest proportion in ancient times. In the middle of the ninth century, the power of the Tang Dynasty was failing year by year, and the Uygur moved from north Asia and stimulated the spread of Turkish influence in the Tarim Basin. Islamic merchants made their way into this area from west, replacing the Aryans. (1 To Xi'an «^ 500km Fig. 2.2 Maps of the Silk Road trading routes 112-5 Urban Structure Most of the ruins are situated in the southeast portion of the site, in particular in the neighborhood of the central part. There are two gates, the South Gate and the East Gate. From the South Gate a road, referred to as the North-South Boulevard, extends in a straight line in a northwest direction via an inflected part. From the East Gate, there are several diverging and curving roads into the casüe, leading to various locations. Among them is a fairly wide road, referred to as the East- West Boulevard, which extends east and west to the north side of the Government Offices area. The North-South Boulevard consisted of two parts, the first leading from the South Gate to the Government Offices, and the second coursing from the west side of the Government Offices to the Great Temple. Large dwelling houses existed on the west side of the North-South Boulevard, and the government offices area, including the East-West Boulevard, extended to the East Gate. To the north of the Government Offices area, there were small sized dwelling houses. At the end of the North-South Boulevard are the large ruins of a temple, referred to as the Great Temple. To the northwest and northeast, there are smaller temples, referred to as the Northwest Small Temple and the Northeast Small Temple respectively. To the north of the Northeast Small Temple, stands the Pagoda Grove, in which 101 large and small pagodas are arranged in a regular partem. The area concerned can be presumed to be a graveyard, as is recognizable from past excavation surveys and observation of the present circumstances. The city structure inferred from this is that the South Gate served as the main gate, in the form of a southern entrance, and the route coursing from the South Gate to the Great Temple (the North-South Boulevard) constituted the major road. Noftrieasl Small Temple Soul» Gate Great Tei Northwea Snnal Temple Explanatory notes ill Soultiein Dislflct Govetnmeni Otilces DIslitct Eastern District Western District Temple Complex Dtslrict -.-.i Northem District Fig. 2.3 Urban Structure of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 12Southern District This is an extensive residential area with large gardens. Most of the roads and gardens were built by carving out of the ground. Although the ruins in this district are large, they are badly damaged, with almost half consisting only of foundations which served as bases for walls and fences. The main factor accountable for the severe destruction in this area is pointed to by the actions of local fanners who have been removing earth from the ancient buildings to their farms for the past hundreds of years and the location of most of the structures near to the South Gate which is convenient for transportation. Government Offices District The Government Offices District lies to the east of the North-South Boulevard, stretching from the south of the East-West Boulevard to the cliffs in the east. This site was positioned on elevated ground at the center of the city. All walls were constructed by the rammed-earth method, except for underground temple which was built by carving out of the ground. Most of the walls built by ramming have disintegrated. However, the underground temple, residences, and a 30-meter long underground path are still intact and have retained their original integrity, despite the fact that more than one thousand years have elapsed since their construction. Eastern District The Eastern District is situated to the east of the North-South Boulevard and to the north of the East-West Boulevard. The eastern edge of this district is bounded by the plateau cliff and the north boundary is formed by a boulevard at the east in front of the Great Temple. The houses in this district were built in an orderly manner and remain in better condition than in any other district. Most of the town walls and gates were built by carving out of the ground. The temple and watchtowers were constructed without carving out, and so are at higher elevations than the residences. The foundations of the temple and most of the dwellings were constructed by carving out of the ground, and the walls were constructed by piling up wet bricks. Most of the residences are one or two-story buildings, but some have a cellar which gives them an extra level. Western District The Western District occupies an area to the west of North-South Boulevard and between the Observation Platform and the front of the Great Temple. The buildings in this area were not constructed in an orderly manner. There is a large temple at the southwest side of the Great Temple facing the central tower and there are ruins of more than ten smaller temples. The houses here are small and simple and were probably occupied by common residents. Pottery shards have been found on the ground north of the district, showing that the place was once a center of handicraft and artisan workshops. An area of open ground in the middle of the district measuring 80 meters long and 30 to 40 meters wide running in a north-south direction may have been a market place in ancient times. Another area of open ground to the south of the Observation Platform is thought to have been another marketplace. Temple Complex District The Temple Complex District lies between the front of the Great Temple and the Northwest Small Temple in a north-south direction, between the cliffs that run east to west. The district was named as the Temple Complex District because it is the site of the Great Temple, the Northwest Small Temple, the Northeast Small Temple, the Pagoda Grove, the central 13tower and the ruins of more than ten smaller temples. Although there are many Buddhist temples in other areas, this district contains the greatest concentration of temples. However, not all of the buildings in the district were temples. More than half in fact were dwelling houses. Northern District The North Region is situated between the path behind the Temple Complex District and the northern edge of the plateau. Although there are not many ruins in this area, it is the site of the magnificent Pagoda Grove, which has become a symbol of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe because of its extensive size and the unique shapes of the pagodas. About 60 meters north of the Pagoda Grove, only a kiln and a pagoda platform remain. All of the other buildings have collapsed. In the center of the North Region are the recently discovered ruins of an underground temple, and in an area 20 to 90 meters north of this is a group of large ruins. There are two platforms built using ramming at the north of the plateau, but it is not certain whether these platforms were used for Buddhist pagodas or military observation towers. Although there were simple structures used as kilns, dwellings and lookout posts, most of them have been destroyed. There are many ancient tombs in the area between the Northwest Small Temple and the north of the plateau. There are several large tombs with pits in the area to the north of the Underground Temple but they have all been plundered, and only pottery shards of different ages lie scattered all over the ground. Parapet Since Jiaohe is bordered by cliffs reaching a height of 30 meters, many have assumed that it therefore did not need city walls for its defense. However, archaeological surveys have revealed that a low, protective wall or parapet was constructed along the edges of the cliffs, on the periphery of the plateau. From the findings of the survey, the parapet now measures 1,041 meters in total length: 159 meters along the east side of the cliffs and 882 meters along the west side. The wall is 0.6 meters to 1 .4 meters thick and is about 1 .4 meters in height. At the eastern edge of the plateau and the section from the northern edge to the West Gate were mostly built by earth ramming and only little part by carving out from the natural ground . The section that runs from the West Gate to the South Gate was built by carving out of the natural ground. A small section of the wall was built using sun-dried bricks. Of the 1,041 meters, only about 50 meters is in reasonably good condition. The rest of the parapet has long since collapsed and been buried in sand and earth. The most important purpose of the protective wall was military defense. However, as Jiaohe was surrounded by the drop of the high cliffs, a low wall was sufficient for this purpose. The wall also served to prevent the inhabitants and livestock from falling off the cliffs. 14PI. 2.1 Southern District PI. 2.3 Eastern District Pi. 2.4 Western District 15PI. 2.5 Temple Complex District (Great Temple) PI. 2.6 Temple Complex District (Northwest Small Temple) PI. 2.7 Temple Complex District (Pagoda Grove) PI. 2.8 Northern District 162-6 Remaining Structures of the Ruins The following is an outline of the architectural ruins of the Jiaohe. Temples There are significant concentrations of temples along the North-South Boulevard and westward, to the east and west of the Great Temple, and in the area to the north of the Great Temple. Many can be identified as temples because of the presence of a pagoda. Along with small-sized temples surrounding a single pagoda, some larger-sized temples of a flat and symmetrical type which have a pagoda located in the inner part of the temple structure can be observed. It is thought that the isolated large temples were government-owned, and that the smaller temples were either privately-owned or the property of individual houses. The Great Temple, situated at the northern end of the North-South Boulevard, is rectangular in shape (88 meters in a north to south direction and 59 meters east to west) with a large gate at the south. The size of the main hall is 5,200 square meters. There is an open space in front, a Buddhist Hall at the rear, and the living quarters of the monks are at the west and east sides. There is a pagoda which seems to have been constructed of hardened earth at the center of the hall. There are four niches for statues of Buddha on all four sides at the top of the pillar, with broken pieces of the statues still remaining. The Northwest Small Temple is almost square (21.4 meters from north to south and 21.7 meters east to west) and has a stupa at the center of the innermost area. There are separate rooms inside the perimeter wall on the left and the right. Within the gate, there is a basement on the left. Some of the rooms still have smoke ducts providing evidence that the rooms were used as living quarters, probably by the monks. The Northeast Small Temple is a little larger in size than the Northwest Small Temple, and is situated with a sense of unity with the Pagoda Grove. Dwellings Small-sized dwelling houses are concentrated in the northern half of the east side of the North-South Boulevard. They are densely arranged, and some archaeologists believe that there may have been a rule in force similar to that in the fortified capital of the Tang Dynasty, which prohibited houses from having gates opening onto boulevards. Many large dwelling houses are located in the eastern rim, south of the East Gate, and south of the bending portion of the North-South Boulevard. In the large houses, courtyards were constructed by carving out of the ground and rooms separated walls. The houses and courtyards were designed by first determining the positions of the courtyards and walls on the ground, then carving out of the ground for the courtyards, and finally constructing the walls using the excavated earth. Government Offices The government offices are situated to the southwest of the East Gate. The North-South Boulevard extending from the South Gate forks on the way, branching into the road leading to the Great Temple and the road leading to the East Gate. The government offices area is presumed to occupy the part between both above-mentioned roads to the east side of the North-South Boulevard. In the southeast part, there is a large group of ruins furnished with a long underground passage which is well preserved. The eastern half is a vast vacant land, which is assumed to be used as such things as military training or as a market. From these characteristics, it is fair to presume that this 17area had a public character and was not a residential area. From these characteristics, it is fair to presume that this area had a public character and was not a residential area. The western boundary of the area is tentatively assumed to be the West-East Boulevard. However, as a plateau, like an open square, spreads over to the north side passing over the West-East Boulevard, there is a possibility that the government offices area also reached the west side, including the above-mentioned plateau. Tombs and Graves Tombs and graves are widely distributed to the north of the Northwest Small Temple and the Pagoda Grove. Some of these have been excavated. According to the survey results, the most commonly observed structural form is of a slanting grave passage. Tombs and graves can be easily identified by the soft buried soil including conglomerates, because, in constructing grave chambers, the conglomerate layer in the natural ground had been drilled. The existence of murals inside the dome-shaped grave chambers has also been confirmed. In addition, the Infant Burial Ground seems to be situated at part of the government offices area. Pagoda Grove The Pagoda Grove, situated to the north of the Northeast Small Temple, has a major pagoda at its center. Surrounding this are four groups each consisting of 25 minor pagodas, making 101 large and small pagodas in total. These groups of pagodas seem to have been enclosed by a wall, with an entrance on the south side. The Pagoda Grove seems to be situated in relation to the Northeast Small Temple. Gates It is generally agreed that the South Gate was located at the site where presently a large guiding panel stands at the entrance to the ruins. Little is left of the gate structure. Its configuration is therefore unclear. The East Gate was constructed by carving into the cliff. The ruins of gate columns and watch towers clearly show a strategic military layout. Observation Platform The center of the city can be reached from the South Gate by proceeding north along the North-South Boulevard. There is an earth observation platform 10 meters high at the center of the city, facing the North-South Boulevard. From this platform, the whole city and the surrounding area can be observed in all directions. This platform is equivalent to the street of the Tang Dynasty. Underground Temple The Underground Temple was previously thought to be a burial chamber of an ancient tomb because of its location in the grave area. It was discovered to be an underground temple during excavations after the ceiling of the Underground Temple had sunk and become buried under sand. The excavations took place because murals had been observed in the temple. Other Ruins Other ruins include ceramic kilns and lookout posts to watch for external movement. In addition, more than 300 wells have been found inside the city. 18PI. 2.9 Great Temple PI. 2.10 Northwest Small Temple PI. 2.1 1 Northeast Small Temple 19^^Bx ^^ ^ '^ K'^f^l P;^:^ - ~4^ J ' K^^^^^"^ ^^B^r^vr^MW ;^^M Hi^^^v^^^^^^^^^ -^^^^^^^B v ^ * '1 f-^^^^ ki .'^ 1 ^K: .'.^w^'^^B B^^r ^^^^^ - " ^^^^^v^ ^^E^??LI - -sa». -- *' '-" r.,_ PI. 2.12 Dwelling Houses PI. 2.13 Government Offices PI. 2.14 Government Offices PI. 2.15 Tombs and Graves 20PI. 2.16 Infant Burial Ground PI. 2.17 Pagoda Grove PI. 2.18 South Gate PI. 2.19 East Gate 21PI. 2.20 Observation Platform ^'Jm.'- Pl. 2.21 Underground Temple PI. 2.22 Lookout Posts 222-7 Architectural Features Architecture in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe can be roughly classified by construction method and is divided into three types: carving out of the natural ground, piling of wet bricks, and ramming. The piling of wet bricks in particular is the characteristic method that is generally visible in the construction of walls. The construction methods have a close relationship to the character of each building. Viewing this conversely, it can be considered that to reveal these technical characteristics is an effective way to learn the character of the buildings. A further point of note is that few tiles have been excavated from the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. In particular, ordinary round and flat tiles are rarely found, and it is therefore certain that even in the construction of the high walls, lightweight roofing materials and not tiles were used. The method of piling of wet bricks is still currently practiced in the western district of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the roof structure seen in the ruins seems not to significantly differ from what is currently used for dwelling houses in the Turfan District. Sun-dried bricks, widely used in desert areas, were only found in the arched section of the entrance. This is quite different from the Ancient Ruins in Gaochang where rammed earth and sun- dried bricks were widely used. Although the piling up of earth without the use of sheathing boards is visible in some parts of the Jiaohe ruins, such places are few and are exceptional. The same is true for the use of sun-dried bricks. Piling of wet bricks A method of constructing walls by stuffing undried bricks between two sheathings. The size of a brick is around 25 x 15 x 6 centimeters. Some bricks are curved because of being piled in a watery state. The height of a sheathing, or the section of wall that is constructed at one time, is about 70 centimeters. By piling up the boards in layers, high walls were constructed. The piling of wet bricks is conspicuous in external walls and in the partition walls of temples, including the Great Temple, the Northeast Small Temple, and the Northwest Small Temple. Even in the smaller temples surrounding the stupa, this technique was universally used for the walls. In these structures, the constructed section of the walls were built after carving out of the natural ground, and the height of the walls and the ceiling is rather higher than the initial level of the natural ground. Therefore, there must have been a need to construct high walls, together with special emphasis on visual appearance. This is in clear contrast to the dwelling houses which, with their practical character, show a specific tendency to be constructed under the ground. Observation of the surface of well-preserved walls reveals that a 2 to 3 -centimeter thick layer of matted clay has been plastered to the surface of the walls built by the piling of wet bricks. Except for particular areas, such as niches, no traces of finishing plaster on the surface of these walls can be found. Ramming A method to tamp down soil by filling between sheathings. The thickness of each layer is typically around five centimeters, while the thickest is around ten centimeters. This method is characteristically found in the construction of the pagodas, including small and large pagodas in the Pagoda Grove. There are, however, a few cases where this method is also used for regular tall walls, but its use is confined to the East Gate and the Government Offices area. Several cases have been found in which this method was employed on the lower part of the natural ground in order to level 23the foundation for the piling of wet bricks. Thus ramming is an effective and structurally superior method for architectural structures such as pagodas that do not have internal spaces. Carving out of the natural ground A method universally employed in the construction of the small-sized dwelling houses and the walls and ceilings of large-sized dwelling houses. With this method, as the height of the ceiling is not able to exceed the natural ground level, tiie level of the floor of the dwelling houses would naturally have been relatively low. In addition, the basic structure of the walls of buildings such as temples also adopts this method. This is considered to have been an effective means to cope with changes in atmospheric temperature and strong winds which are peculiar to desert areas. 2-8 Neighboring Ancient Ruins Piling of wet bricks Ramming Carving out of the natural ground PI. 2.23 Structure of Architecture 242-8-1 Ancient Ruins in the vicinity of Jiaohe In addition to the burial area inside the city, there are other sites with ancient tombs near the ruins of Jiaohe. This entire area is called the Yarkhot tomb district. Future preservation work at the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe should include these tombs and Buddhist caves. Ancient Tombs and Graves of Yarkhot, The South area of Jiaohe city (old Gouxi and Gounan area) This area is the largest among the tomb districts around Jiaohe and has the greatest number of tombs, some of which were constructed between the Gaochang and Tang periods. Several tombs are grouped together and each group is surrounded by a wall constructed by piling up soft earth mixed with coagulates. The tumuli are rectangular and covered with the same type of soft earth. The burial chambers are badly preserved and many have been plundered. This district was surveyed in 1920. A thorough investigation of approximately 2,000 tombs in this district began in 1994. Ancient Tombs and Graves of Yarkhot, The West and North areas of Jiaohe city (old Goubei area) There are hundreds of tombs in these areas. The tombs are generally low and covered with stones. Large tombs of the ruling classes have been excavated and found to include sacrificed horses and camels, and are estimated to have been constructed during the Pre-Jushi period between 1 BC and 5 AD. Some other tombs discovered in the south area of the city are also thought to date from the same period. Yarkhot Buddhist Caves Buddhist caves were carved into the riverside cliffs to the west of Jiaohe, on the opposite bank to the city. Narrow, flat spaces were excavated at a height of 15 meters for the base of the cliff to make seven caves. Steps and slopes were carved into the cliff wall, leading from the base of the cliff to the caves. Of the seven caves, Cave No. 4 is the largest, measuring approximately 5 meters wide and 15 meters deep. This cave contains five niches, one at the end and two at each side. It is thought that all of the caves originally contained murals, but the only murals that remain are in caves 3 to 7. The murals indicate that these caves were constructed between the time of the Gaochang period and the Uygur Gaochang period, and were apparently part of the Jiaohe fortress. 2-8-2 Ancient ruins near Turfan Fig. 2.4 Plan of the Yarkhot Buddhist Caves 25^j ^^2 B BH ^»^^^^ -5*!-" PI. 2.24 Ancient Tombs and Graves of Yarkhot (south side) PI. 2.25 Ancient Tombs and Graves of Yarkhot (northwestern side) Fig. 2.5 Surrounding ancient ruins of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 26PI. 2.26 Yarkhot Buddhist Caves PI. 2.27 Fiat terrace in front of the Yarkhot Buddhist Caves PI. 2.28 Approach for Buddhist Caves PI. 2.29 Interior of Buddhist Caves 27There are many remains along the Silk Road in the Turfan area including the Ancient Ruins of Gaochang, Houyanshan Mountain which was made famous in a literary work called the Xiyouji Story, and the Bezkilik Buddhist Caves at the foot of Houyanshan Mountain. Although some of these ancient ruins are open to the public, no full-scale preservation works have been undertaken. Ancient Ruins of Gaochang The ruins are located 46 kilometers east of Turfan City and comprise an external castle, an internal castle and an imperial palace surrounded with a rampart built by ramming on level ground, and are thus unlike the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. The rampart has an outer circumference of about 5.4 kilometers. The internal architecture, consisting of sun-dried bricks, differs conspicuously to that of Jiaohe. The Gaochang Dynasty had two periods: the Han era (450-640) ruled by five kings from Qiequ to Qu, and the Uygur Gaochang era (9-13 BC) governed by the Uygurs. The existing structures were built during the Gaochang era under the rule Qu starting in the sixth century. This era, with a unique mix of cultures of Han and the West Region, ended in 640 when the area was conquered by Tang. Qu was a strong believer in Buddhism and was famous for the cordial reception he gave to famous monk Xuan Zong travelling to India. Ancient Tombs and Graves ofAstana These are situated about 40 kilometers east of Turfan and consist of five hundred tumuli. As well as well-preserved murals, there are also tombs of the Han people of Gaochang where many ornamental burial accessories have been found. Internal portions of the tombs are now being exhibited to the public. Bezkilik Buddhist Caves These Buddhist Caves, built in the cliff to the north of Houyanshan Mountain about 45 kilometers northeast of Turfan, are the largest Buddhist Caves in Turfan. Their construction began in the fifth to sixth centuries AD There are 83 caves presently remaining, of which a little over 40 contain painted murals. Many of the caves have been plundered in the past, and many precious cultural artifacts have been removed. Toyuk Buddhist Caves Preservation work for the Toyuk Buddhist caves has not been not carried out yet, thus they are not open to the public. It is assumed that they were built around the sixth to seventh centuries AD, a while after the Bezkilik Buddhist caves were constructed. Unlike the Bezkilik Buddhist caves, the Toyuk Buddhist caves have traces indicating that a pillar had once existed and the structure may have been more complex. Thus, it is regarded as an important site. When compared to a photo taken in 1903, it has deteriorated considerably due to disasters such as landslides. However, there are portions in which the murals are well preserved. In addition to these, there are many odier Buddhist caves in the Turfan area. 28PI. 2.30 Ancient Ruins of Gaochang PI. 2.31 Ancient Ruins of Gaochang PI. 2.32 Ancient Tombs and Graves of Astana ^^^^^^^ ' /^ V ^ ' ^V<W^^| ^^^^^H^^HÉ ' ^ ^ ^^^B^^'^I^^B <^ K^ jlpj ^^1^^'^- .^^^^^^^^^^K^ " H|^P|HE^?^ ^^^^^^^^^r- « ^^^^^ Jtij A V. - . ;^- ïk 29PI. 2.33 Bezkilik Buddhist Caves PI. 2.34 Toyuk Buddhist Caves Fig. 2.6 Buddhist Caves in Turfan 303. Evaluation of the Value of the Ruins 3-1 Historical Value The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe form an organic whole as an ancient city encompassing government offices, dwelling houses, pagoda grove, tombs, graves and so forth, and as such form a well-preserved site. It is a site that is reminiscent of the ancient cultural interchange between the East and the West, being an important post on the Silk Road. It is given importance by being the most well-preserved of the many ancient city ruins which exist in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Furthermore, the ruins of ancient Buddhist structures that flourished in those times remain in good condition, including the Great Temple, the Small Temples and the Pagoda Grove, and will provide precious information for studies of Buddhist culture. The architecture of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, involving the carving out of natural ground and the piling of wet bricks in a way that was appropriate to purpose, has a great value in many respects for research into ancient building techniques. In addition, the ruins are a largely unspoiled remnant landscape, with few artificial modifications having been made after their abandonment. The Ruins display a landscape of powerful impact that talks to us today, transcending their long history. The civilization, technology, religion and thought that has been passed from the East to the West and vice versa through Jiaohe is innumerable. Although nowadays there is no means to concretely delineate them, the structures and architecture, namely the temples, pagoda grove and the like, send forth a redolence of East-West cultural exchange. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are the Monument to the world wide commemoration of the magnificent cultural exchange between the East and the West. 313-2 Value of the Urban and Architectural History Basically, the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe seem to have a relationship with cities in Central Asia. However, they have urban structures such as the relation between street and dwelling which show some similarity to a form of the city castle of China. In other words, it seems to combine two city forms, the first is of Central Asia and the other is of China. At the Ancient Ruins of Gaochang, which are of the same age as those at Jiaohe, the protective wall was constructed in an open space using the ramming technique, and the buildings were constructed by piling sun-dried-bricks. In contract, the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe were protected through the good use of geographical features, and its architecture employed the method of piling wet bricks. These two ancient sites have very different characters. It is not known at present why the methods differed. These Ancient Ruins may represent a difference of cultural character: Gaochang is likely of China, while Jiaohe is likely of Central Asia. The Pagoda Grove with its 101 stupa in which the form is strongly influenced from the stupa of India is a very valuable reference in acknowledging the propagation of Buddhist architecture. Furthermore, the Great Temple with its significant structure is a full-fledged Buddhist architectural site, and the arrangement is similar to that of the Chinese Imperial Palace. In the future, it is necessary to compare the temple arrangements of Central Asia and China, and accurately acknowledge the original positions of the various structures at the site. Regarding construction techniques, no vaults are apparent in the Great Temple but they exist in the Northwest Small Temple, thus the period when vaults were first constructed can be specified. At any rate, this technique can be regarded as having been acquired from the Indian and Chinese civilizations, thus integrating data of these areas including Central Asia will be required in the future. 324-1 Past Repairs 4. Present State of the Ruins The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe were designated as a nation-wide major arts and sciences protection unit by the Department of States in 1961. The preservation plan for this site became a very important matter of concern to the government of the autonomous region and the departments concerned. The administration department for local cultural assets has carried out some preservation work to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe several times in the past such as applying supports to structures and sealing off the ruins. Table 4. 1 Past progress of repair and maintenance 1928-29 1949 1956 1978-82 1980 1983 1984 1990 1992 1992-93 1994-95 1996-97 Surveys of tombs at approximately 300 sites by Huang Wenbi. Local excavations. Surveys of tombs at 30 sites. Surveys of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe by Liu Guan Min. Measures taken to prevent weathering and collapse with sun-dried bricks as emergency protective measures for the base wall structure. Surveys of tombs at five sites by the Xinjiang History Museum. Brick paving of the boulevards. Caretakers assigned. The National Administration for Cultural Heritage, People' s Republic of China included the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in their nation-wide major arts and science protection and preservation program. Commencement of preparation for the preservation and restoration project funded by the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund for the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage. The first phase of the project (excavation surveys, engineering investigations, collection of data and preparation of plans). The second phase of the project (excavation surveys, photographic surveys, tests, restoration of the Northwest Small Temple, exhibition of the reconstructed Northwest Small Temple and improvement of paths for visitors.) Construction of a guidance facility, preparation of reports and master plans. 334-2 Environment 4-2-1 Weather The Turfan Basin has an extremely harsh climate. Although the region lies in a mild climatic zone, it actually has an arid desert climate. Turfan is the hottest district of China; the average maximum atmospheric temperature from June through August is 38-40°C and the maximum temperature reaches as high as 45-50°C. The earth surface temperature rises to 70-75°C ; hence the region is called a "fire state". However, the temperature drops to about -20°C in winter. There is extremely little rain and snow all the year round, and the mean rainfall is 16.2 millimeters per year. The rainfall is greatest in summer (accounting for 60% of the annual total) and least in winter (9%). On rare occasions, it rains in torrents sufficient to cause flooding. The highest precipitation recorded was 36.0 millimeters on August 14, 1958. An enormous amount of heat radiates from the ground surface causing evaporation of an average of 2,789.1 millimeters of water annually, which is 170 times greater than the precipitation received. Turfan is a noted windy region among the regions of Xinjiang and is called "Repository of land wind". Fierce winds are frequent in spring and summer, accounting for 80% of the annual fierce winds. Those in spring are strongest. The fierce winds on the plateau are mostly northwesterly winds that blew down from the Tianshan Mountains to the Turfan Basin. Table 4.2 Average precipitation and evapolation at central Turfan (The area which includes the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe) Average precipitation Average evaporation Jan 1 3 194 Feb 02 50 4 Mar 1 4 165 7 Apr 03 303.3 May 08 417.1 Jun 34 483 8 Jul 21 496 2 Aug 27 399 4 Sep 1 2 251 1 Oct 12 132 2 Nov 06 51.7 Dec 1 2 186 total 164 2788 9 (Unit mm) 4-2-2 Rivers There is no flowing water within the boundary of the site. The rivers coursing along the sides of the Jiaohe have several tributaries with insignificant waterflows. The Yaernaizi River flows along one side of the plateau at a rate of 3.5 cubic meters per second. However, the river floods once or twice a year, increasing the flow to between approximately 30-80 cubic meters per second. 4-2-3 Adjacent Farming Land There is farmland on exposed river beds around Jiaohe. Grapevines, kaoliang and cotton are grown there. Narrow roads course on the west side but none on the east side. 4-2-4 Urbanization There are hills, called Yanshan, to the south of the ruins that stand 150 to 190 meters above sea level, and villages to the east. These villages lack electrification. Turfan city is located about 10 kilometers to the east and is connected to the site at Jiaohe with a paved road. 34R»t plktuu RAt ptïteau ^ l:-M VÍHyud Plcrwedlud \.. " -71 i Apficoi fwiD. woodi ^H RJfv«r Fig. 4.1 Circumstances surrounding the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 3=1:15000 Fig. 4.2 Cities around the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 3=1:100000 354-3 State of Damage 4-3-1 Plateau The plateau of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, surrounded on both sides by rivers, is comprised of Pleistocene River deposits. It consists mainly of silt layers and contains past gravel layers which might have been formed by flood plains. Severe cracks have formed in the periphery of the plateau, some of which show potential for collapse. There are obvious cracks every few meters on the plateau. The tortuousness of the rivers coursing on both sides of the plateau causes the current to directiy hit the plateau base during floods, possibly causing erosion at some sites (the northern half of the east side of the plateau). The remaining parts, nevertheless, are considered to be relatively stable due to a covering of sparse woods, vineyards and cotton fields. Observations of the plateau conditions during flooding are needed. PI. 4.1 Cliff in danger of erosion by the river PI. 4.2 Fracture in Natural ground 364-3-2 Conditions of Principal Ruins As mentioned previously, the ruined structures were constructed using three methods. Those structures carved out of natural ground are the most significantly damaged of the structures at Jiaohe. The natural muddy deposits have various forms of damage because it is highly heterogeneous in quality. These include scab-like cracks in the superficial layers, white precipitates, and the sloughing of the wall by the strong winds. Government Offices The destruction of structures above the ground is substantial, whereas the remains of underground structures, made by excavating the natural ground, are well preserved. Attempts to fix the damage, such as costing soil and wooden nails, can be seen remaining in the wall. Steel frame supports are fitted to the upper parts of tunnels in areas liable to collapse or that have major cracks, but these are nothing more than tentative measures. These supports are not structurally sufficient to work effectively. Great Temple The ruins (wells, monks' living quarters, the pagoda, belfry, etc.) are so well preserved that the temple arrangement surrounded by high walls is still readily recognizable. The Pagoda, of which the upper structure and upper parts of walls have perished, was temporality repaired in the past with sun-dried bricks. There are Buddhist images remaining in an enshrining altar, although the heads of the images are broken. Northwest Small Temple This temple also is sufficiently preserved to allow the making out in particular of the arrangement and structure of monks' living quarters. A part of the monks' lives can be visualized from the smoke passages and soot that remains in the quarters. The temple was constructed by carving out of the natural ground for the underground structure, ramming for the stupa, and piling of wet bricks for the walls. The north side of those structures that were constructed by carving out of the ground are badly pitted by wind, and walls built using the wet brick piling method are cracked in some places and the upper part of the walls is destroyed. Turfan office of Cultural Relics Management has tried to protect the north facing wall of the Northwest Small Temple, which has deteriorated badly due to wind erosion and other factors, by strengthening the bases of the exterior walls that were constructed by carving out of the ground. The office has also repaired cracks in the walls to prevent visitors from entering the temple by passing through the cracks. These measures are effective in suppressing the progress of the deterioration. Pagoda Grove Although it has been partly repaired, the original shape of the centrally located Great Pagoda is well preserved, and there are wood remnants in some of its holes. The one hundred small pagodas surrounding it are noticeably broken, with mostly only the bases left standing. The entire grove is considered to have been once enclosed with a wall, but traces only remain on its western and southwestern sides. Comparisons of photographs taken some time ago show that the deterioration of the small pagodas has advanced a great deal. East Gate This structure is the best preserved of the gates remaining in the Ruins of Jiaohe. While the peripheral arrangement, such as defensive devices, is retained in its original shape, gateposts 37constructed by ramming are considerably damaged. Dwelling Houses Systematic excavation surveys to investigate the mode and changes of dwelling houses are to be made on ruins of both large and small dwelling houses including those which are fairly well preserved as well as those which are about to perish. These were built by carving out of the natural ground, ramming, and piling of wet bricks. Tombs There exists a somewhat uneven pattern of open spaces in the north of the plateau. A great number of tombs are currently underground in this partly excavated region. Observation Platform This structure was built by carving out of the natural ground, and the sections of tunnel liable to collapse are reinforced by steel frame supports as in the case of the Government Offices. However, this is in a dangerous condition. PI. 4.3 Damaged to finish of rammed structure PI. 4.4 Wood remnants and superficial weathering 38PI. 4.5 Weathering of natural ground PI. 4.6 Steel frame supports against damage to Government Offices PI. 4.7 Appearance of damaged enshrining alters in a pagoda PI. 4.8 Damaged condition of the East Gate 394-4 Administrative Management of the Ruins An Uygur caretaker, residing beside the entrance to the Ruins, has been assigned since 1984. The entrance is equipped with a crossing gate to prevent the intrusion of automobiles. No specific daily preservation activities have been performed besides the emergency preservation transactions taken from 1980 to 1982. Sightseers have been increasing year by year, and there are considerable numbers of foreign tourists for whom admission fees are charged. The administration system is insufficient to support the current administration plans. The ruins are suffering new damage from increasing numbers of visitors, some of whom climb onto the structures or scribble graffiti on the ruins. There are feces and urine scattered around in places because of the absence of sanitary facilities. Damage resulting from human activity is enormous and far exceeds destruction caused by natural forces. Another problem is the lack of signs clearly marking the areas in the periphery of the plateau or those interior parts of the ruins liable to collapse. Small leaflets written in Chinese and English are available at the site, but more detailed pamphlets are desirable. In any case, it is clear that a single caretaker is insufficient for administrative management for the vastness and value of the ruins. A new system of administration and management must be sought. Table 4.3 Number of Tourists to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total Number of Tourists 48,209 45,837 52,257 57,494 63,007 97,097 106.877 118,630 Number of Tourists Internationl 6,887 6.829 8.698 11,498 11,827 . 13,720 11,903 16,263 Domestic 41,322 39,008 43,559 45,996 51,180 _ 83,377 94,974 102,367 As of 1998/11/15 the information of 1995 is not available. 404-5 Landscape The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are the best preserved among a number of ruins of ancient cities remaining in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. The main reason for this is that, in the period following the abandonment of Jiaohe, settlements and arable land were not established in the ruins due to its geographical characteristics, namely, being located on a plateau and surrounded on both sides by rivers. Naturally, with the process of accumulated changes over 600-700 years, most of the roofs of the buildings have collapsed, the upper part of the wall entities have deteriorated, and the erosion of their foundations has seriously progressed. Despite that, the ruins that remain on the ground, together with the auxiliary offering of information to provide visitors with sufficient understanding of the basic structure of the ancient city, will surely make them sense the long lapse of time since the fall of the city. The balance between these two factors should be an important specific character of the landscape of the ruins of the current Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. The following is a description of the principal landscapes of the ruins. 1. The straight portion of the boulevard that extends from north to south (the North-South Boulevard) from the South Gate to the Great Temple via the Government Offices runs as long as 450 meters. At its end is the Great Temple and there are numerous ruins along its sides, with high walls remaining in places. The view out of the Great Temple gives an impression of the ruins being so huge as to be reminiscent of glory and prosperity of the city as a foothold of east-west trade. 2. The square adjacent to the Government Offices seems to have been used for the stationing and training of armed forces. It offers the best place for a sweeping view of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe because of its higher elevation compared to the surrounding residential zones. 3. The Great Pagoda soaring in the north of the plateau constitutes an important landmark of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Together with the multitudinous remains of temples, it impresses upon us the importance of the Ruins of Jiaohe as a Buddhist relic as well. 4. The Northwest Small Temple and the Northeast Small Temples remain well preserved and create a conspicuous vista as independent remains of temples which creates an allurement to their internal structures. 5. The small dwelling house zone occupies the northern half of the area to the east of the North-South Boulevard and remains in fairly good condition. A dense arrangement dwelling houses is clearly observed making it possible to imagine how people of those days lived in the city. 6. The graveyard region is a plot of ground with frequent ruggedness where a haunting atmosphere of silence reigns. On the northwestern bank opposite can be seen the Buddhist Caves. 7. When viewed from the bank opposite to the northeastern part of the site, groups of ruins lie stretched far beyond the Great Pagoda over the plateau, making us actually feel the vastness and location of the Jiaohe. The same holds true of the view from the southwestern shore. 41PI. 4.9 Scenery of the Ruins (North-South Boulevard) PI. 4.10 Scenery of the Ruins (Northeast Small Temple and Great Pagoda) PI. 4.1 1 The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe as viewed from the Northeastern opposite bank 425. Survey and Findings of the First Phase (1992-1995) The following areas were surveyed prior to carrying out preservation work. 1. Archaeological survey (the Northwest Small Temple, the Underground Temple, the East Gate, dwelling houses, tombs for Jushi nobility in the North area of Jiaohe city, wells, the West Gate) 2. Historical studies 3. Measurement survey (Measurement of the complete ruins, photographic measurement for the Northwest Small Temple) 4. Study of orignal shape of the Northwest Small Temple 5. Damage Study 6. Physiochemical and engineering studies (Survey of the nature of the soil, boring survey) 7. Micro-climate observation 5-1 Archaeological Survey During the preservation and repair of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe which commenced in 1992, some of the buildings were excavated to obtain basic data for restoration, and the following results were obtained. 5-1-1 Northwest Small Temple The interior and surroundings of the Northwest Small Temple were excavated to record the present conditions, before beginning restoration work. It was found that the base of the temple was constructed by digging a trench 0.8-1.0 meter deep and then building up the walls. Smoke passages and storage holes were found in the monks' living quarters, which is evidence that the monks spent their daily lives inside the temple. Items uncovered included earthenware, wooden containers, stone plates, small iron swords, gimlets made of bone or horn, copper articles, animal bones, bricks, pieces of tile, pieces of woven cotton and woven wool, shoes, coins, scripts and clay figures. Murals were also revealed, suggesting that the walls of the Northwest Small Temple were decorated with paintings. The ruins of kilns, wells, rooms and an entryway to the temple were found outside of the temple. Based on carbon- 14 dating, examination of the excavated ruins and the style of the buildings, the Northwest Small Temple appears to have been constructed in the middle of the fifth century AD, between the North Wei period to the Qu' s Gaochang period, and that it was rebuilt three times before it was finally ransacked at the end of the fourteenth century. 5-1-2 Underground Temple The Underground Temple is in the tomb area north of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. The upper part of the building was exposed on the ground and was thought to be a tomb. The survey revealed that it was, in fact, an underground temple which was constructed by modifying an ancient tomb. The temple has one hall, two monks' living quarters, two rooms with niches, and steps. It appears that the Underground Temple was rebuilt twice to increase the size of the monks' living quarters and to enlarge the hall. The southern half of the hall ceiling is arched. A platform next to the wall of the hall was created by leaving a piece of the otherwise carved-out ground untouched, and clay figures are set on the platform. Walls are decorated with murals. Also discovered during the 43excavation were a large quantity of clay Buddha heads, molded clay pagodas and Buddha images inscribed with Sanskrit and ancient Tibetan letters, pieces of murals of people serving Buddha, copper Buddha images, scripts in classical Chinese, Buddhist texts with titles in both Uygur and classical Chinese, a precisely crafted container for Buddha's bones made of copper with a silver inner layer, containing five bones wrapped in woven silk and three pearls. It is thought that the Underground Temple was constructed at the beginning of the ninth century, at the end of the Tang period, by Uygurs, judging from the features of the clay images, the architectural style of the temple and the clothes of people depicted in the murals. The excavation of the Underground Temple was significant for various reasons, including correction of the previously held notion that there were no ruins in the north of Jiaohe, the discovery of the unique architecture of the temple, and the finding of many rare articles of ancient Buddhist culture of Xinjiang. 5-1-3 East Gate The survey revealed details of the structure of the East Gate. The ruins of the East Gate include a fortified semicircular wall which passes around the East Gate, arch gates, beam holes, eye holes, observation stands, wells, and quarters for the city guards. The East Gate is in a better state of preservation than the South Gate or the West Gate. It is thought that the city was strongly defended because of double gates and weapons (stones for throwing) stored in the walls. It is now clear that the East Gate was included in the original city plan of Jiaohe, because the gate is directly connected with the East-West Boulevard which runs to the North-South Boulevard. The East Gate is estimated to have been constructed in Qu' s Gaochang period when Jiaohe was at its most prosperous. 5-1-4 No.l and No.2 Dwelling Houses No. 1 dwelling house is situated on the western edge of the East-West Boulevard at the edge of a cliff. No. 2 dwelling house is amongst the ruins of the dwelling area in the east of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. The foundations of the walls of both dwellings were constructed by carving out of the ground. No. 2 has walls constructed by piling up wet bricks. No. 1 dwelling is a circular cave just like a dome tent. Another cave, 0.35 meter lower than the main cave, has been carved out inside the main cave on the northwest side, which means that No. 1 dwelling has caves on two levels, and both caves are well preserved. The dwelling was made by carving out of the solid cliff and is very small. It is difficult to estimate the age of the caves judging only from the style of the cave and the features of the excavated items, and neither is it possible to ascertain the date of construction of other similar circular caves and underground buildings in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, because they were used for a long period of time and very few artifacts have been excavated. No. 2 dwelling house was rebuilt twice, and considering changes in the architectural style, its use can be divided into three periods. The walls of the dwelling in the second period were constructed by piling up wet bricks, while in the third period, a vault type ceiling was installed. Items excavated during the survey allowed reconstruction of the lives of the people in ancient times. It is now known that the inhabitants used wooden tools, farmed the land for a living, and kept livestock. The presence of Buddhist pillars in their dwellings is evidence that the citizens of Jiaohe held a deep belief in Buddha. The interior layout of the dwellings suggests that small families, (couples with their children), lived together in one dwelling as an extended family. It is thought that No. 1 dwelling was built in the fourth or fifth century at the latest, and was used up until the Uygur 44Gaochang Era, because of the style of the Buddha pillar and judging from the excavated articles. The survey made reconstruction of the lives of the citizens in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe possible, based on real evidence, for the first time. 5-1-5 Wells Total of more than 300 wells have been discovered inside the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, nine of which were excavated between August 1993 and August 1994. The depth of the wells ranges from 16 meters to 28 meters, and all had a diameter of approximately 1-meter. Judging from the large quantity of excavated articles and the style of the wells, it is apparent that many of the wells were dug during the Tang Period, and the older wells in the Han Period. 5-1-6 Tombs for Jushi Nobility in the North area of Jiaohe City There are tombs and graves on the plateau (in the North area of Jiaohe City) to the northwest of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, on the other side of the river. Two relatively large tumuli on the plateau with low, stone-covered mounds were excavated and the burial chambers were found to be of the shaft tomb style, with a platform for the coffins, which were made of wood and contain several bodies. Each tumulus is surrounded by twenty-five burial pits containing sacrificed horses and camels. Burial ornaments such as earthenware (red pottery), stoneware, bone ware, wooden tools, iron tools, copper mirrors, the Wuzhu coins, gold decoration plates, silver articles, lacquerware, silk, and pieces of woven wool and woven cotton were excavated from the tombs. It became clear that Jushi royalty and nobility, who were mounted nomads, were buried in the tombs, and that the time of their burial was around 1 BC, in the middle of the Former Han Dynasty, judging from the excavated Wuzhu coins. The survey uncovered for the first time significant archaeological materials related to the Former Jushi Kingdom which used the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe as a city castle, thereby boosting knowledge of the early state of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. 5-1-7 West Gate The ruins of the West Gate were uncovered for the first time during the survey, which revealed that the West Gate had slightly different features from both the South Gate and the East Gate, and was not used as a gate for ordinary residents to pass through, but for military purposes. It was previously thought that Jiaohe had only the South Gate and the East Gate, and so the discovery of the West Gate will contribute to the understanding of the military features of Jiaohe. 45PI. 5.1 Northwest Small Temple PI. 5.2 Underground Temple PI. 5.3 A piece of mural painting of the Underground Temple PI. 5.4 East Gate 46PI. 5.5 No.2 Residential Houses PI. 5.6 Wells PI. 5.7 Tombs for Jushi Nobility »» m 0 PI. 5.8 West Gate "S! 475-2 Historical Studies The history of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe stretches back more than two thousand years. Different people including the Jushi, Han and Uygur, inhabited Jiaohe in succession, contributing greatly to the development of the West Region of China and the development of the great ancient civilization of China. A study of the history of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe serves to realize the importance of thoroughly preserving these superior cultural human assets from both historical and current aspects. 5-2-1 Neolithic Age Fine stoneware and painted pottery from prehistory have been discovered on the plateau of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, and the North and West area of Jiaohe City and the South area of Jiaohe City. Major stoneware finds include cores, microblades, stone arrowheads, side-scrapers, points, stone balls and stone pieces. Excavated items include painted pottery, bone ware and copper ware. Excavations and archaeological research indicates that primitive civilization in Jiaohe may be divided into an early period and a late period. Stoneware used for hitting, such as stone pieces and stone tools, were used in the early period, which is approximately eight or nine thousand years ago. Polished stoneware, painted pottery, and red pottery were mainly used in the late period, which is approximately three or four thousand yeas ago. Observation of the articles uncovered suggests that primitive people lived on the Jiaohe plateau eight or nine thousand years ago. 5-2-2 Han Dynasty From the second century BC to 1390, a succession of people occupied Jiaohe, including the Jushi, the Huns, the Han Chinese, the Uygurs and the Mongols. They were all vying for control of this strategic post on the silk road. During the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial court of China pursued a new policy of pacifying the West Region and opening a land route to the West Which would be the beginning to the Silk Road. Thus, establishing strict control over the area now known as the Turfan Basin was imperative for the Han court. In an effort to bring the Da Rouzhi (or Ta Yueh-chih, the later indo-Scythians) to join the alliance against the Huns, the Han Imperial court dispatched Zhang Qian to the West Region. Until then, the Han people knew very little about the region and no Chinese historical records on the West Region before that period could be found. After Zhang Qian' s adventure, the existence of the Gushi Kingdom began to appear in ancient Chinese literature. Sima Qian, in the Historical Annals written in the first century BC, wrote: "Loulan and Gushi (also called Jushi) are city states and lie close to a great salt lake." Later, the Han Annals, written at the turn of the first century, contained detailed descriptions of Jiaohe: "The capital of the Kingdom of Anterior Jushi is the city of Jiaohe. The water of the river there divide and flow around the city walls, hence the name "Jiaohe" or "interlacing rivers." Inside the City of Jiaohe were 700 families, 6,050 residents and 1,865 military soldiers. The distance between the city of Jiaohe and Chang'an is about 8,150 li." During the Western Han period, many wars broke out between the Han and the Huns and the 48conflicts lasted for many years. The object of these wars was to establish control over Jushi and Eastern Tianshan. When Zhang Qian returned in 126 BC, the Han imperial court began adopting his strategy of forming alliances with kingdoms in the West Region such as Wushun to fight against the Huns. The first step was to strengthen the Han control over the Hexi Corridor, the only passage to the West Region from Longxi. In 1 15 BC, two Han prefectures, Dunhuang (west of Jiuquan) and Zhangye (west of Wuwei) were added. Many Han Chinese emigrated to the four prefectures. At that time, the domain of the Han Dynasty had encroached the territory of Jushi which was still a vassal state of the Huns. Residents of Jushi often killed captured Chinese envoys to the West Region. In 108 BC, Jushi was seized by Han cavalry under the command of General Zhao Puonu. In 99 BC, Han Generals Li Guangli and Li Ling led the their troops in an attack on the Huns in the Tianshan Mountains. The troops of the Loulan State also took part in the operations under the leadership of Hun General Jiehe Wu who had already surrendered to the Han court. However, they held back the attack because the Hun relief troops led by You Xianwang arrived in time for reinforcement. In 89 BC, Li Guangli, Shang Qu Cheng and Ma Tong led three Han armies, totalling more than one hundred thousand soldiers, to again attack Jushi. The King of Jushi surrendered to the Han court. In 7 1 BC, an allied force of Han and Wusun assailed the Huns. It comprised 40,000 cavalrymen led by Tian Guangming from Hexi, 30,000 led by Fan Mingyou from Zhangy, 30,000 from Yun- zhong led by Han Zhen, 30,000 by Zhao Chongguo from Jiuquan, 30,000 from Wuyuan Led by Tian Shun, and 50,000 from Wusun. The allied armies displayed great strength and bravery in battle and achieved a swift victory: The remaining Hun garrison soldiers fled and the state of Jushi surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In 67 BC, under the command of the Han Shilang, Zheng Ji and Xiaowei Sima, 10,000 soldiers from several states in the West Region and 1,500 Han garrison troops at Yuli launched an attack on Jiaohe and captured the city. ("Shilang" was an official rank of the Han dynasty equivalent to today's deputy minister. "Xiaowei" was a rank in the Han army's eight level hierarchy.) After the victory, three hundred Han soldiers remained at Jiaohe as a garrison force. They also started farming in the area. The king of Jushi fled to Wusun for fear of the Huns' retaliation. The Huns resented the loss of the fertile land of Jushi. To reconquer the kingdom, several thousand Hun cavalrymen raided Jushi in 65 BC. Zheng Ji, the Han military commander in Jushi, feared that the Huns might outnumber his troops and led the Han army and the inhabitants of the city state to retreat to Yanqi (Karashar) and Yuli (Lop-nor). In 62 BC, the son of the former king of Jushi ascended the throne with the support of the Han court. They sent two thousand Han soldiers under the command of Wuji Xiaowei to Jushi as a garrison force and as farmers. In 60 BC, a Hun duke by the name of Ri Zhuwang surrendered to the Han court which subsequently proclaimed the end of the Hun's military headquarters in the West Region, and the protectorate was established. As a result, Jushi became a vassal state of the Han Empire. Later, Jushi split into six smaller kingdoms: the Former Jushi, Later Jushi, Jushi Houchengzhang, Jushi Duwei and Bei Shan. Jiaohe was the capital city of the Former kingdom of Jushi. In 25 AD, when the Eastern Han Dynasty came into being, the king of Yarkand was designated as the West Region Protector by the Han imperial court. However, the king of Yarkand contrived to 49break away from Han control, which stirred fear among ouher states of the West Region. Eighteen of them, including Former Jushi, Shanshan and Karashar petitioned the Han imperial court, as king that a new Lord Protector be appointed to keep peace in the region. Starting from the middle of the first century AD, Later Jushi grew strong and powerful. After annexing several other states including Danhuan, Guhu and Wuzili, Later Jushi became a dominant state in the region. In 73 AD, the power of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China was consolidated and the rule of Eastern Han was universally accepted. The Eastern Han Emperor dispatched an envoy by the name of Banchao to the region. In 74 AD, Han troops under the command of Generals Dougu and Gengong launched an attack on the Huns who suffered a huge loss at Puleihai. Both the kings of Former and Later Jushi surrendered and the Han West Region Protectorate was re-established. In 75 AD, an allied army of northern Huns and Jushi besieged Han troops led by Genggong Wuji-Xiaowei. The Eastern Han emperor ordered Duanpeng, Commissioner of Jiuquan Prefecture, to lead 7,000 soldiers to rescue the imperilled Han troops. Han forces defeated the Huns, capturing Jiaohe in the end. In 89 AD, a fierce offensive against the Huns was launched by the Han cavalry and infantry numbering in the tens of thousands. The Han troops, led by Douxian Cheqi-Jiangjun (an ancient military rank), traversed more than 3,000 li (1,500km) and inflicted a heavy blow on the Huns. To provide support for the Han troops, Banchao led the southern states of the region on an assault on the northern states that were then under the control of the Northern Hun. These states included Kucha, Gumo, Wensu and Karashar and they again succumbed to the Han court. As a result of the Han court's huge military success, the trade route from China proper to the West via Dunhuang, Jushi and Karashar was opened. In 91 AD, Banchao and his 50,000 soldiers from states in the West region seized Jushi and reestablished the Han West Region Protectorate. He was designated as the new Lord Protector. Meanwhile, 500 soldiers under the command of a Han Wuji-Xiaowei were stationed at the Gaochang Rampart. During this time there were two Silk Roads: one entered Karashar from Dunhuang through Jushi, and the other entered central Asia from north of the Tianshan Mountains. In 123 AD, Banyong, the son of Banchao, was named Magistrate of the West Region and Acting Lord Protector. He stationed 500 soldiers in the town of Liuzhong. It is now the town of Lukqin and is more than 60 kilometers east of Jiaohe. In 124 AD, Banyong led more than 10,000 cavalrymen on an assault on the Huns who were still entrenched in Former Jushi. After the siege, more than 5,000 citizens of the Former Jushi Kingdom were taken to Liuzhong. In 126 AD, the Hun forces led by Huyan sustained an enormous loss during Banyong's offensive. Jiatenu, the prince of Later Jushi, was subsequently enthroned with the support of Banyong. With the success of the military expedition, the Han court recontrolled the West Region. Many Han soldiers were sent to Jiaohe to guard the new frontier and farm the land. The defeated Huns gradually migrated westwards. 5-2-3 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties During Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern dynasties, a succession of wars broke out in China. The political and social situations in the West Region, or the Turfan Basin, underwent many changes. The most noticeable was that waves of Han Chinese from China proper started to migrate to the Hexi Corridor that still enjoyed relative peace. Many of these people settled down in Yiwu, 50the current day Hami, and Gaochang. These new settlers promoted economic development in Gaochang by introducing improved irrigation methods to the area. At the same time, ethnic groups such as the Northern Liang retreated from the Hexi Corridor to Gaochang and founded a separate regime when they failed to establish hegemony over China proper. Another important event was the decline of the Former Kingdom of Jushi after the kingdom lost its eastern territory. During this period, several important historical events took place in Jiaohe and Gaochang. In 222 AD, the Wei imperial court succeeded in taking over the Eastern Han Dynasty's control over the region and dispatched his Wuji-Xiaowei Zang Gong to Gaochang to manage the garrison. In 275 AD, Western Jin's Wuji-Xiaowei in Gaochang, Maxun, thwarted Xianbei's military strike on Former Jushi. In 280 AD, the king of Former Jushi sent his son to the imperial court of Western Jin. In 327 AD, the Western Jin's Wuji-Xiaowei in Gaochang, Zhao Zheng, objected to Former Liang's jurisdiction. The king of Former Liang ordered his general, Yang Shuan, to attack Zhao Zheng. Zhao suffered a complete defeat and was captured by Former Liang who replaced Western Jin as the hegemonic power in the West Region. In the middle of the fourth century, Xianbei seized the territory of Later Jushi and began constantly assaulting the northern states of the West Region. In 376 AD, the king of Former Jushi requested Fu Jian, the king of Former Qiu, to dispatch soldiers to the West region to suppress riots caused by Xianbei. Fu Jian sent Gou Chang, Mao Dang and Yao Chang and altogether one hundred thousand soldiers to the West Region on two occasions and despoiled the country constructed by the Former Liang and Xianbei. Later, Yang Han from Gaochang appointed the Gaochang chief. In 382, the king of Former Jushi, Midi, and the king of Shanshan, Xiumituo, went to Chang'an and received an audience with Fu Jian, who appointed Midi to Duhu of the West region as the general to rule there, and ordered him to protect Gaochang. After Later Liang was sacked in 403, Li Hao, chief of the Dunhuang, established Western Liang, occupying the Hexi Corridor and the area south of the Tianshan Mountains. In 406, the kings of Former Jushi and Shanshan sent their messengers to Jiuquan in Western Liang to offer tributes. Ju Qu Meng Xun of the Huns built North Liang in 401. North Liang defeated Western Liang in 421 and Wei Ren was designated as the Gaochang chief. Former Jushi was part of North Liang at that time, but after North Wei destroyed North Liang, the king of Former Jushi started to serve North Wei. Ju Qu Wu Hui, prince of Ju Qu Meng Xun of North Liang, suddenly seized Gaochang in 442 and pronounced himself to be the great king of Liang and transferred ten thousand families from Dunhuang to Gaochang. Ju Qu Wu Hui was succeeded by Ju Qu An Zhou, who laid siege to Jiaohe. Ju Yiluo, who was a prince of the king of Former Jushi, defended Jiaohe for eight years without support, but fled for Karashar when provisions ran out. Jiaohe finally surrendered in 450. The political and cultural center of Turfan moved from Jiaohe to Gaochang. 5-2-4 Qu's Gaochang Period The occupation of Jiaohe by North Liang was short because North Liang was sacked by Rouran Kaghanate in 460. Rouran Kaghanate appointed Kan Bozhou to be king of the predominantly Han Gaochang, which governed the Turfan Basin. Wars between Rouran Kaghanate and the Gaoche Kingdom destabilized the state of Gaochang for a long time. Ashu of the Gaoche Kingdom appointed Zhang Menming from Dunhuang as king of Gaochang and transferred control of Gaochang to the Gaoche Kingdom. Soon afterwards, Rouran ordered a group from Gaochang to assassinate Zhang Menming and he then transferred Gaochang to Rouran in 496, and appointed Ma Ru as king of 51Gaochang. However, a person from Jinoheng, Ju Jia, murdered the Gaochang king, and Ma Ru and took the position for himself in 497. This was the start of the Qu's Gaochang Period which lasted for nine generations, or 143 years. The construction of Jiaohe changed significantly in the Qu's Gaochang Period. Jiaohe was rebuilt, modeled on the city of Jushi, and most of the buildings were rebuilt in the architectural style of those in the Hexi Corridor, because most of the governing families of Qu's kingdom and their people were from the Hexi Corridor and were loathe to abandon their life-style and culture. Jiaohe was rebuilt in the styles based mainly on the class system of Confucianists, the feudal lords, and the customary laws. Architectual style and layout of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are mostly those remain from this period. The Danpopingding architectural style, in which the rear wall of a house adjoins the external wall surrounding the complex, was used for temples and homes. Continuous strife forced many of the residents to depart. Jiaohe have been the base of the Han, the Huns influenced by the Han, and the people of Rouran. 5-2-5 Sui and Tang Dynasties The economy and cultural exchange brought by the Silk Road flourished during the Sui and Tang Dynasties reaching a peak when the Tang Dynasty was at its most powerful. The geographical location of Jiaohe was critical for the Silk Road. Baishuijian Road, a flat road connecting the south and the north of the Tianshan Mountains passed northwest of Jiaohe. Yingshan Road which was the only road passing through the Turfan Basin and the Tarim Basin passed southwest of Jiaohe, and the Hexi Corridor was to the east of Jiaohe. Jiaohe was the place where the economies and cultures of East and West mingled at that time. The Sui Dynasty was established in 581 and was succeeded by the Tang Dynasty in 618 which fell in 907. During these 300 years, Gaochang and Jiaohe changed enormously. Although the Sui Dynasty lasted for only 30 years, it enjoyed a very close relationship with Qu's Gaochang Kingdom. Ju Boya twice visited Luoyang for audiences with Emperor Sui Yangdi in 606 and 612, and received cordial receptions from him. Later Ju Boya collaborated with Sui and sent a military expedition to Koryo. Yangdi rised the status of one of the imperial family women to a princess to wed Ju Boya. The Tang Kingdom pursued warm relations with the Gaochang Kingdom to develop the Silk Road and to resist the invasion of Western Turk. When the famous monk Xuan Zang of Tang, passed through Gaochang on his way to India to study classic literature, he received a special reception from the king, Ju Wentai. In 630, Ju Wentai went to Chang'an for an audience with Tang Emperor Dazong who conferred upon him the title of Li. However, Western Turk was becoming so powerful that Ju Wentai decided to ally himself with Western Turk on his return from Chang'an, against the will of the Tang Dynasty, because Ju Wentai was so afraid of Western Turk. Ju Wentai began to obstruct Silk Road trading and attacked Karashar, so Emperor Dazong dispatched a captain called Hou Qungi to attack Gaochang and succeeded in regaining control of Gaochang in 640. Emperor Dazong established a military district structure in the Turfan Basin, settled the state of Xizhou and controlled the area by dividing it into five districts: Gaochang, Jiaohe, Lukchung, Puchang and Tianshan. Anxi Duhufu, the central military regime controlling the West region of the Tang Kingdom, was sited in Jiaohe in 640. In 658 Tang transferred Anxi Duhufu to Qiuci after occupying the Tarim Basin, and renamed the regime to Xizhou Duhufu. 52Approximately 10,000 people were living in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe at that time. Turk thrived in central Asia and Inner Mongolia in the middle of me sixth century. The Soghd people who lived in central Asia before the arrival of the Turk people, fled the invasion of Turk and became actively involved in Silk Road trading. The residents of Jiaohe at that time were Han, Huns influenced by the Han, people of Rouran and the number of Soghd people and Turk people living in Jiaohe increased gradually. 5-2-6 Uygur Gaochang Period The Uygur Kaghanate established on the River Orkhon was attacked by Kirghis and forced to move west in 840. Some of the people fled to Beiting in the west. In 886 the Uygur attacked Xizhou in the Turfan Basin and established Gaochang Uygur Kaghanate (Xizhou Uygur Kaghanate) and made Gaochang the capital of the country and Beiting their summer palace. The Uygur were originally nomads and believed in Manicheanism, but as they interacted with the local people, they gradually settled down and learned farming, manufacturing and trading, changed their life-style and adopted Buddhism. Buddhist culture in the Turfan Basin developed along a unique path. Many earthenware, literature and tombs of the Uygur period were excavated in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and it is now clear that many Uygur lived in Jiaohe in the Uygur Period. A number of the native people of Jiaohe departed the city when the Uygur moved in, but others stayed and lived with the Uygur. Judging from the ruins of Jiaohe, the occupation of the city by the Uygur did not bring about much change. 5-2-7 Decline of the city during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties Jiaohe, situated on the Silk Road, gradually declined due to the establishment of the Indian Ocean maritime route (the so-called Ocean Silk Road). At the beginning of the thirteenth century, Moghulistan was established and inland Asia was divided and governed separately. The war between Haidu and Duwa broke out in 1269. Duwa surrounded Gaochang and Jiaohe with 120,000 soldiers and lay siege for six months. A few years later Duwa ruthlessly pillaged the Gaochang area again. Everything was plundered from Gaochang and Jiaohe and the districts left in ruins. The inhabitants fled from Gaochang and Jiaohe to Hami and the Hexi Corridor in search of safer lives. Tuluhei Timour Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Ulus kingdom converted to Islam after ascending to me throne in 1346. The prince of Tuluhei Timour Khan, called Hedir Hoja, succeeded to the throne in Bishbalik and commenced a great war in the Turfan region in 1383. Hedir Hoja forced the native people of the area to adopt Islam. Jiaohe was completely destroyed by this war. Twenty years later in 1414, a messenger of the Ming Dynasty called Chen Cheng noted his impressions of a visit to Jiaohe as follows: There were many temples a long time ago, but now those temple only exist in writing on stones. There are only about one hundred dwellings in the area. Since then Jiaohe declined and gradually fell into disrepair. 53Table 5. 1 Chronological table of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe BC 1 8000- Researchers discovered late paleolithic remains in the Gouxi table land of the Jiaohe Ruins. BC 2000- The shape and style of the painted pottery unearthed from the Jiaohe Ruins were deeply influenced by that of Central Plains in China. Circa BC 500 (late Chunqiu Era) The Jushi kingdom existed in Jiaohe. BC 107 (Han Yuanfeng 3rd) Jushi was seized by Han cavalry under the command of General Zhao Puonu. The Jushi kingdom broke up Anterior Jushi, Posterior Jushi, and the other six kingdoms in the northern Tianshan Mountains. The King of Anterior Jushi ruled Jiaohe city. BC 99 (Han Tianhan 2nd) The Jiehe king of the Huns (appointed as Marquis Railing by the Han authorities), headed the Loulan army to attack the Jushi, but was defeated by the Hun troops who were led by Youxian, king of the Huns. BC 89 (Han Zhenghe 4th) The Jiehe king of the Huns surrendered and led soldiers from six kingdoms, such as Loulan, Yuli and Weixu, etc., and routed the Jushi. The King of Jushi surrendered to the Han court. BC 74 (Han Yuanping 1st) The Huns sent a 4000-cavalry unit to occupy Jiaohe and the military farms. BC71 (Han Bengshi 3rd) The Han army attacked the Huns. The Jushi yielded to the Han authorities again. BC 67 (Han Dijie 3rd) Troops led by Shin Ji were stationed in Jiaohe. Jiaohe City was routed by the Han army, and the Jushi king fled to the Wusun kingdom. BC 64 (Han Yuankang 2nd) The Han government abandoned Jiaohe, and transferred it to the Huns. BC 62 (Han Yuankang 4th) The Han authorities supported the Jushi prince Junsu to be king, and established Wuji Xiaowei for supervising farms. BC 60 (Han Shenjue 2nd) The Han government officially set up Duhufu to control the West Region and appointed Zheng Ji as the first Dufu of the territory. BC48(HanYuanchulst) The Wuji Xiaowei were re-established by the Han government. The Han army was stationed in Jushi. AD 75 (Eastern Han Yongping 1 8th) The northern Huns occupied Jushi. The Jushi king submitted to the Huns and attacked Wuji Xiaowei with the Huns in Liuzhong city. AD 76 (Eastern Han Jianchu 1st) The army led by Taishou Duan Peng of Jiuquan captured Jiaohe city in order to support the Han army. The Jushi surrendered to the Han government. AD 9 1 (Eastern Han Yongping 3rd) Ban Chao atacked Jushi and stationed in Anterior Jushi. The offices of Xiyu Dufu, Qi Du Web and Wuji Xiaowei were re-established. AD 123 (Eastern Han Yanguang 2nd) The Huns attacked the Hexi Corridor with the Jushi. Ban Yong was appointed Zhang Shi of the West Region, and stationed in Liuzhong city. 54AD 124 (Eastern Han Yanguang 3rd) Ban Yong occupied Jiaohe city and routed the Huns. AD 220 (Caowei Huangchu 1st) The Eastern Han Dynasty was destroyed, and the three kingdoms period was established. AD 222 (Caowei Huangchu 3rd) The Wei imperial court dispatched his Wuji Xiaowei Zang Gong to Gaochang to manage the garrison. AD 280 (Western Jin Taikang 1st) The king of the Anterior Jushi kingdom sent his son to the imperial court as hostage. AD 345 (Eastern Jin Yonghe 2nd) The Anterior Liang ruled Geochang. The king of Anterior Jushi governed Jiaohe city as an independent country. AD 382 (Former Qin Jianyuan 18fh) The king of Anterior Jushi, Midi went to Chang'an and received an audience with Fu Jian, who appointed Midi to Dufu of the West Region as the general and ordered him to protect Gaochang. AD 406 (Western Liang Jianchu 2nd) The king of Anterior Jushi sent his envoys to present tributes to the Western Liang. AD 433 (Northern Wei Yanhe 2nd) Che Yi Luo was appointed the king of the Anterior Jushi by the Northern Wei government. AD 442 (Northern WeiTaiping Zhenjun 3rd) Juqu Wuhui occupied Kocho and established the late Northern Liang government and appointed himself as the king of Liang. AD 450 (Northern Wei Taiping Zhenjun 1 1th) Juqu Anzhou routed the Jushi. The anterior Jushi were destroyed. Jiaohe became the second city. AD 497 (Northern Wei Taihe 21st) Ju's Gaochang kingdom was established by Ju Jia. Ju's prince lived in Jioahe city and governed there. AD 629 (Tang Zhenguan 3rd) The monk Xuan Zang left Chang'an for India to find Buddhist scripture via Kocho. AD 640 (Tang Zhenguan 14th) The Tang government damaged Kocho, set up Xizhou prefecture which dominated five countries including Kocho and Jiaohe.The Tang authorities established Anxi Duhufu in Jiaohe. AD 866 (Tang Xiantong 7th) The Uygur attacked Xizhou in the Turfan Basin and established Gaochang Uigur Kaghanate and made Gaochang the capital of the country and Beiting Üieir summer palace. AD 907 (Tang Tianxou 4th) The Tang Dynasty was destroyed. AD 1276 (Yuan Zhiyuan 13th) Duwa led troops to attack Kocho. AD 1368 (Ming Hongwu 1st) The Ming ruled Turfan. AD 1389 (Ming Hongwu 22nd) Hedir Hoja launched an Islamic war against Turfan and compelled the inhabitants to follow Islam. Kocho and Jiaohe were damaged. 555-3 Measurement Survey 5-3-1 Overall Measurement of the Ruins From the end of October 1992, the entire Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe were surveyed and maps of the ruins were quickly printed. Research and planning were carried out based on these reliable plans and data. A group of seven surveyors from the China Institute of Historical Remains Protection lead by the vice general surveyor Jiang Huai Ying, surveyed the Northwest Small Temple, the Pagoda Grove and the west side of the Great Temple for the first time at the end of October, 1992. The Provincial Cultural Bureau assigned the Xinjiang Survey and Mapping Bureau to produce a 1:500 scale contour map and sectional drawings of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in March 1993. The Office for Historical Buildings Protection and Conservation under Xinjiang Provincial Cultural Bureau took many photographs as part of their survey of the eastern cliff of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in March and April of 1993. 5-3-2 Photogrammetry After the excavation of the Northwest Small Temple was completed, a photogrammetry was carried out by members of the Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute of Japan between 1st and 8th of November 1993, to determine the detailed elevation of the Northwest Small Temple. Control point surveying As the first step, a datum survey was carried out to determine the control points for the photogrammetry. The axes for the survey were set at an approximate center line of the Northwest Small Temple (a line connecting the center of the south wall to the center of the north wall of the Buddhist sanctum) and the local azimuth for which data was set at the south of the Northwest Small Temple on the predetermined axis was used. The Xinjiang team had set a point for the altitude previously, at the east side of the east wall for their survey, and it was decided that this point would also be used for the altitude for the photogrammetry. The external wall of the Northwest Small Temple was measured using the above-mentioned axis as a base. The measurements revealed that although most of the west wall conforms to the axis, (with just 2' of deviation to the west at the north), the north wall and the south wall deviated to the south at the east by 21' and 1° 04' respectively, and the east wall deviates to the east at the north by approximately 10'. All of these measurements for the walls were taken at almost the same altitude PI. 5.9 Northwest Small Temple 56using coordinate measuring. The measurements show that the walls are not completely straight. However, considering that the distances between the measured points were rather short and that the preservation state of the walls are all different, the walls should be considered to be relatively straight. The west wall of the Northeast Small Temple deviates 36' to the east at the north, and the north wall of the Great Temple deviates to the south by about 31' at the east. The west wall of the Pagoda Grove deviates to the east by 31' at the north. Although the axes and directions of the other walls were not measured for these temples, and so it is not completely certain, it appears that the Great Temple, the Northeast Small Temple and the Pagoda Grove were constructed in almost the same direction judging from the results of the measurements. It may be true that it was only the Northwest Small Temple which was constructed with a different orientation from the other temples, although the results of the direction measurement may not be completely reliable. Photogrammetry of the Northwest Small Temple The following is an outline of the photogrammetry of the Northwest Small Temple. 1. Setting perspective azimuth The local azimuth described above was used for the projected plane of the elevation. The axis was set in a north-south direction, and the east and west of both the inner and the external walls become parallel to the axis, and the north wall and the south wall crossed at a right angle. 2. Setting control points A photographic measurement is performed by taking two photographs (stereo modeling) from two different points on two straight lines set at a prescribed distance (stereo base). Those two photos must include at least three points (targets) for which the coordinates are clear. Before taking the photos for measurement, targets were set on all of the walls of the Northwest Small Temple. 3. Photographing Photographs were taken using an MK/W surveying camera, manufactured by Hasselblad, which allows the use of Blowny film. Two cameras were attached to bars called stereo base bars which were set at a predetermined distance (a maximum of 120 cm) and the films in the cameras exposed at the same time. In principle, the external walls were photographed from two points: the upper position taken from scaffolding and the lower point taken on tripods. Most of the photographs of internal walls were taken using tripods. In places where the distances photographed were very short, such as basements, photographs were taken with the cameras held in the hands. 4. Development of film Except for trial development of film carried out in a darkroom at the base camp in Jiaohe, all exposed films were developed in Japan. 5. Plotting Plotting were produced of the south wall of the main hall, including the arches at the entrance of the corridor at both sides. Plotting of the walls at the east and west were created in sections. The plotting of the area constructed by piling up wet bricks were produced by the ridgeline expression method using lines at the top and the bottom of sheathing boards and the wet brick as a unit. The surface of the wall base which was made by carving out of the ground is indicated with contour lines at 5-centimeter intervals. Points for altitude were measured in close concentration. For cross-sections, measurements of centimeters of intervals were carried out to produce diagrams. About 30 model photographs were used in the preparation of the diagrams. 57Plotting were produced by digital mapping using an analytical stereoscopic plotting instrument. All data was entered into a computer so that the scale of diagrams could be changed, aerial views produced, and section drawings and modification of data performed automatically. PI. 5.10 Control point surveying PI. 5.11 Control survey If- PI. 5.12 Photogrammetry 58Fig. 5.1 Plan of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe S=1 :5000North-west Stnoll Temple, The Ancient City of Jloohe. XInJIong. Chino D tTBSM: Pa» 'jH^M»»)*! 0 mmxnmxmfM > «saasTitJiwTñf M T-:>7U.Mmx*n * «nit njiBTi ra «1 la »1 Organiz« f mt UNt Tonil Cul S«r>t> C Piinniia Orgini/atian: Ofllï* of th« UNÍSCO R Xinjiang tistllvle of ' 0 Ciii>a.HaigoMa ono O.P. Fig. 5.2 Photogrammetry of the Structure of the South wall of the Northwest Small Temple S=1 :60North-West Smoll Temple. The Ancient City of Jloohe. XInJIong, Chino D 7.^7-111111««« ftnM : 7 :> T'A««««« lie UIESCO Reertteniatire t« Cni>g.iioggoiia atd O.P.R.Korta I Rtiics gia krchggoioor iionai CvUurgI PrtpgiUti Rgiiatch inttituta r S«f<i( Co.. Lid. Fig. 5.3 Photogrammetry of the Structure of the South wall of the Northwest Smalt Temple S=1 :605-4 Study of the orignal shape of the Northwest Small Temple 5-4-1 Research of the Northwest Small Temple The Northwest Small Temple was surveyed by Japanese Specialists between 1st and 8th November 1993, at the same time as the photogrammetry. The Northwest Small Temple is very well preserved compared to other parts of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, and since it is relatively small, independent of other structures, and isolated from other buildings, the temple was selected as a model case for the survey and restoration. It was strongly hoped that the survey would produce data of the structure of the building and this expectation was fulfilled. Due to the detailed survey of the structure of the ruins, the restoration of a significantly large proportion of the building has become possible. 1. Plan of the Northwest Small Temple The front of the Northwest Small Temple has a southern aspect and the temple is almost square with high external walls on all sides. There is a main hall inside the temple at the center, slightly towards the north. (The Xinjiang report named this the temple hall. Other names used in the Xinjian report are included in parentheses.) There is "yuetai" (like a platform) in front of the hall. Although there are no longer any remains inside the hall, it is thought that the hall contained a stupa. There were corridors at the left, right and back of the hall, and monks' living quarters on the left and right of the hall. A room at the northeast corner of the monks' living quarters (FE) has traces of many ovens, which suggest that the room was used as a kitchen. A room at the southeast corner of the monks' living quarters (FH) had a second floor. The room on the second floor was probably used as a lookout point. To the left of the entrance, there are two connected basements, the east basement (FA) and the west basement (FB), and there are some traces indicating that the west basement had more than one floor. j Ramming f:',1?*!] Piling of wet bncks FA : East Basement FB : West Basement FE : Kitchen FH : Room at the southeast corner Fig. 5.4 Plan and Section of the Northwest Small Temple 592. Wall construction of the Northwest Small Temple High walls are not only a feature of the Northwest Small Temple, but are typical of all the temples of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. These walls were constructed basically by piling up wet bricks on top of a base which had been created by carving out of the ground. Ramming was also performed as an additional measure to ensure that the base was even before piling up bricks onto the base. Eight layers of piled up wet bricks are preserved from the top of the foundation in the best preserved part of the exterior wall and also the wall around main hall, in the Northwest Small Temple. Although the upper part of the wall has been damaged, the height of eight layers of the wall is considered to be the height of the original wall. 3. Structure of roofs of monks' living quarters and corridor Marks of roof supports are clearly visible on the walls of the monks' living quarters and in the corridor of the Northwest Small Temple. The walls were constructed using the wet brick piling up method, on top of foundations. Notches were carved to support the vaulted roof at the base of the third layer of the wall. The roof was made by connecting sun-dried bricks in the shape of an arc with the notches as a base. The base of the roof was positioned on the long sides of the corridor and the monks' living quarters and sloped towards the short sides. None of the sun-dried bricks which were used for the vaulting remained, but the arched structures at the top of the entrances of the corridors, at the east and west, were made of sun-dried bricks. The structure of the arches is primitive, with the bricks aligned so that the long sides of the bricks face the arc. Both the east and west basements have pressure marks at the bottom of the notched areas on the wall, where sun-dried bricks were placed. Investigation of the marks indicates that rows of bricks were regularly spaced to construct the vaulted roof and that the rows were not directly connected with each other. Therefore, it appears that the vault was constructed using arcs made of sun-dried bricks as ribs, then the gaps filled in with clay, rather than being made only of sun-dried bricks. For this reason, it is appropriate that roofs should be restored using arched sun-dried bricks as ribs. The same construction method for the roof is still in use, in a house located near the South Gate of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, which was built forty years ago, and is evidence that this method of roof construction has been utilized for a very long time in the region. Although the height of the base of the vaulted roof is rather low in comparison with the height of the walls of the Northwest Small Temple, even the walls which still retain their original height do not have any traces of frames for other roofs. This suggests that the walls of temples at that time were built up high for visual impact, to ensure the dignity of the temples and also for various practical effects such as blocking strong winds, because Jiaohe is in a region with strong winds. The height of the walls was determined by their functions, regardless of the height of the roofs. There is no trace that roofs other than the vaulted roof covered the monks' living quarters and the corridor. It is certain that the vaulted roof was constructed at the same time as the temple. However, there are few traces of vaulted roofs in either the Great Temple or the Northeast Small Temple, which have holes for rafters aligned relatively high up, indicating that the roofs of these temple must have been different from the roof of the Northwest Small Temple. Limited areas of the Great Temple, such as the northwest corner of the monks' living quarters, have traces indicating that roofs constructed using rafters were replaced by vaulted roofs. This difference in roof construction offers evidence that the temples were built in different ages. Archaeologists conclude that the 60Northwest Small Temple which had a vaulted roof was constructed later than the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple which had roofs with rafters. The height of the holes for rafters are considerably higher than the base for the vaulted roof. It is certain that the holes were positioned high to raise the height of the ceiling, which would be considerably higher than the roof base of a vaulted roof, but the height of the ceiling would be almost the same as the rafters if the roof was constructed using rafters. PI. 5.1 3 Kitchen viewed from the southwest The remains of the base of the vaulted roof on the east wall. Many ovens can still be seen. The height of the wall is thought to be about the same as that of the original wall. Í ^- -^rtiii PI. 5.14 Vaulted roof of a house near the South Gate PI. 5.15 Oven of a house near the South Gate 61/ , , V'-Tf-.r. PI. 5.16 Vaulted roof and chipping work for the base of the roof in a house near the South Gate. PI. 5.17 Structure of the roof of the monks' living quarters in the west of the Great Temple viewed from the east. This is the only part of the Great Temple where the original rafter roof was replaced by a vaulted roof. PI. 5.18 Monks' living quarters in the west of the Northeast Small Temple viewed from the southeast. Regularly pitched holes for roof rafters can be seen. 624. Construction of upper part of the main hall The walls around the main hall form an almost perfect square and stand straight although they lean slightly inwards. The preservation of the inner side of the walls is rather good. Matted clay was plastered on the inner wall which was constructed using the wet bricks piling up method. Some red pigment, probably ferric oxide, can still be seen in the northwest comer. Although the state of preservation of the walls of the main hall is relatively good compared to other parts of the Northwest Small Temple, there are no traces of roof frames on the wall, and so it seems highly likely that the hall wall did not support a roof. It is thought that the hall had a stupa and was not used as a living space. It is impossible that the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple, both of which are bigger than the Northwest Small Temple, were domed or had vaulted roofs made of sun-dried bricks, considering structural mechanics, so it is almost certain that the upper part of the main hall of those temples were open to the air. The base of the main hall, constructed by piling up wet bricks, was raised by applying extra layers of rammed earth; the reason for this is still not clear. < 5>'' ^^ H f 1 ' . jjjgi PI. 5.19 Pigment at the northwestern corner of the inner wall of the main hall viewed from the southeast. Red pigment (ocher) is painted on the daub wall. 5. Architectural styles in the east basement There are two underground rooms: the east basement and the west basement (FA, FB), which were built next to each other, to the left of the entrance to the Northwest Small Temple. These basements and the southeast comer of the monks' living quarters (FH) have modification marks and slightly different features from other parts. These three rooms can be considered to be exceptions. 63The following is an outline of the structure of the east basement (FA). Original structure: It is considered that the holes for the rafters which remain on the south wall were made when the temple was originally constructed. The north wall was probably structured to hold rafters from the south wall, but damage has removed signs of any such modification. The niche visible on the east wall was also made at this time. Secondary modifications: The ceiling was lowered and rafters installed in an east-west direction. There is a line of holes for the rafters on the west wall and part of a niche carved out of the east wall was damaged by the rafter holes. There is a horizontal groove on the south wall at almost the same height as the rafters and it is thought that this groove supported the ceiling. Tertiary modifications: Grooves were carved out at places in the east and west walls slightly lower than the rafter holes created in the secondary modifications to be the base of the vaulted roof. Some of the rafter holes were destroyed by this carving for the vault base. Pressure marks from sun-dried bricks are visible on the base of the vaulting and there are some traces of curved vaulting on the north wall. 6. Architectural styles in the west basement Two different architectural styles were used in the west basement. Original structure : Some places high up (the bottom of the third layer of bricks from the base of the walls constructed by piling up wet bricks, just the same as in other places) of the east and west walls were grooved to support the base of the vaulted roof in the original structure of the west basement. There are two square holes in the area made by carving out of the ground, at a lower level than the vault base, on the east and west walls to hold thick beams (sleepers) for the joisted ceiling. The position of these square holes on the east and west wall correspond to each other. On the south wall, slightly higher than the square holes for the sleepers, there is a row of small holes (in an east-west direction). These holes were made to hold the joists to cross the sleepers at ninety degrees. The section with joisted ceilings had more than one level, with one floor in the basement under the joisted ceiling and another floor on top of the ceiling. The window in the south wall at a relatively high position, at the second layer from the base of the piled up wall, was for the upper room. Secondary modifications: The upper room constructed in the original structure was destroyed and only the basement left. The original vault and joisted ceiling were also demolished and a new vault created lower down. The base of the new vault created by carving out of earth remains on the east and the west walls. The base of the original vaulted roof was buried with clay and pieces of earthenware, and the windows of the upper floor were blocked. 64ceiling C £TU u u h ti y y uu rafter niche East Basement m common floorboard -/-Jolst stairs sleeper West Basement 0000000000 ceiling I. HIIIHX.H..I..IIIII +,,-> niche rafter S chipping work on the wall repair of wall surface (soil and chips of the erthern vessel) ¿- v.^ blocked window M && %i *B ''.:.:.:.vi Carvinq out of rStWi i-,.- < . _ .wííííí M , . f%-it Piling of wet bricks KvWvJ the natural ground r-'-Jw-l Changes of the Eest Basement (view from north) Changes of the West Basement (view from north) Fig. 5.5 Changes of Architectural styles 65PI. 5.20 The southern wall of the east basement (FA) viewed from the north Holes for the rafters of the original structure are visible along with a row of upper holes since filled in. PI. 5.21 East basement (FA) viewed from the south The base of the vaulted roof constructed during tertiary modifications can be observed on the east wall. The curved line of the vaulted roof is visible on the north wall. PI. 5.22 East wall of the east basement (FA) viewed from the northwest Niche of the original structure and the base of the vaulted roof constructed in the tertiary modifications remain on the east wall. Few of the holes for rafters made during the secondary modification remain, due to construction of the vaulted roof. 66PI. 5.23 East side of the eastern wall of the west basement (FB) viewed from the east. Holes for sleepers and a window of the original structure. PI. 5.24 West basement (FB) viewed from the northeast. Holes for sleepers of the original structure and the base of the vaulted roof made in the secondary modifications on the west wall. % 1 p ' m ^ m PI. 5.25 West basement (FB) viewed from the north. PI. 5.26 East wall of the west basement (FB) viewed from the southwest. Holes for sleepers of the original construction and the base of the vaulted roof at a higher position (later repaired) can be seen on the west wall. Holes for joists of the original construction remain in the south wall. Holes for sleepers, window and niche of the original structure. Part of the niche was destroyed by the base of the vaulted roof which was constructed in the secondary modifications. 677. Structure of room at southeast corner of monks' living quarters The features of the room at the southeast comer of the monks' living quarters are slightly different from other quarters. The room has a high window on the south wall. Below this window is a row of holes which probably held joists. It is thought that Üie floor was laid on the joists and the window was created to observe outside. There is no trace of a ceiling above the window. This area was probably used as a lookout points and had no ceiling. The holes for joists were later filled in and the floor laid on top of the joists must have been destroyed before then. The east wall has a grooved area for the base of the vaulted roof at the usual height, but the south end of the groove has been filled in, and another groove carved out lower down, which suggests that part of the vault was lowered. This newer groove on the east wall continues to the south wall, so even if the newly grooved area was used as the base of a vaulted roof, it cannot be determined if the frame was installed in an east-west direction or a north-south direction. More studies are required for restoration of the roof to determine the function of the roof after modification. ^V 4 PI. 5.27 Room at the southeast corner (FH) viewed from the north. A window at a high position and holes for rafters which were later filled in can be observed on the south wall. The repaired base of the vaulted roof on the south wall is visible. 8. Other wooden frames There are more areas where wooden frames were used in the Northwest Small Temple, other than in the above-mentioned places. One is the platform in front of the main hall and the other is the inner side of the entrance (north side). There is a row of holes on the south wall of the main hall used for the platform and a row of holes on the north side of the south wall at a relatively high position, used for the inner side of the entrance. It is likely that these holes were made to support the edges of rafters. Because there are no walls at the opposite sides, a level or shed roof must have covered the area. Poles which supported rafter beams probably stood on the ground. The fact that twenty-two tiles were uncovered during the excavation is very significant. These tiles were not required to construct the vaulted roof, which was the principle covering of the Northwest Small Temple, and must, therefore, have been used in other places. A possible theory is that the tiles may have been attached to the roof in front of the Main hall to create a dignified impression. 685-4-2 Proposal for the Restoration The following summarizes the architecture of the Northwest Small Temple. 1 . Although evidence exists that the Northwest Small Temple has been modified two or three times in some areas, these modifications were only partial and the overall appearance of the Northwest Small Temple has not changed much. 2. The roofs covering the monks' living quarters and the corridor were vaulted and used sun- dried bricks as ribs, and were constructed at the same time as the temple. Only limited sections had wooden frames, such as places with more than one floor, or basements, including the west and east basements, the lookout point in the southeast comer of the monks' living quarters, and areas which were not used as living space, such as in front of the hall and the inner side of the entrance. 3. The wall of the main hall was erected perpendicularly and the hall was left open. It is impossible to assume mat there was a vaulted or domed roof on top of this wall. 4. The fact that most of the roofs of the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple had rafted frames and that the roof covering part of the monks' living quarters at the Great Temple was changed from a rafter frame roof to a vaulted roof is evidence that the Northwest Small Temple was constructed at a later date than the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple. The Northwest Small Temple is behind the Great Temple, in a poor location compared to the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple. This is probably because the construction of the Northwest Small Temple was not included in the original city plan of Jiaohe. Different construction dates would also explain differences in the aspect of the Northwest Small Temple compared to the Great Temple and the Northeast Small Temple. The state of preservation of the ruins of the Northwest Small Temple is relatively good, which may be because the time elapsed since the construction of the temple is relatively short. The architecture of the Northwest Small Temple which has an arched structure and vaulted roof is very important to clearly understand the establishment of the techniques for arch and vault construction in the region. 695-5 Damage Study 5-5-1 Geological Aspects of the Plateau Constituting the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe The geological material constituting the plateau of the Ruins of Jiaohe is mainly composed of muddy deposits intercalated with several sandy and gravel layers. These deposits are supposed to be Pleistocene river deposits. Muddy deposits are those accumulated on flood plains, sandy layers on the natural embankment of flood plains, and gravel layers are on braided channel. Ill-sorted sandy silt layers (from several tens of centimeters to about 1 meter thick) with gravel or granular gravel, also intercalated in several levels in the cliff wall of the plateau. These are the debris flow deposits accumulated during the severe flood periods. The plateau is penetrated throughout by fractures. Particularly, the plateau is composed of long columnar blocks bounded by the two directions of fractures. These fractures are formed under the following process: (1) deposition ceased, (2) ground water level is gradually dropping, (3) pore water in the deposits is dehydrated and volume reduction of the deposits occurs, (4) to compensate the volume reduction, conjugate sets of fractures are formed under the influence of a regional stress field. The thickness of the debris flow deposits changes rapidly laterally. We cannot trace the single debris flow layer throughout the area. These debris flow deposits are interposed, singly or doubly on average, in the cliff surface of the plateau. It is important to note that muddy deposits of the upper parts of the cliff surface are frequently seen to fall down in the form of long columnar blocks due to erosion of the debris flow deposit, when viewed from the rivers on both sides of the plateau. On both sides of the plateau are river watercourses. Because of their meandering, the river water directly attacks the plateau base in some regions. It seems likely that erosion of the plateau base by flood flows may occur if the water level is elevated a few meters above the present river bed although details are not known because the present survey was made during a low water period. However, taluses formed at the base of cliff are covered with vegetation and remain stable. These taluses may be serving as heaps of soil to support the lower half part of the cliff. Deposition of the earth and sand / semiplain formation Erosion by river ^U- Drying and contraction due to fall of groundwater level 5551 u; Fig. 5.6 Estimated formation of the geographical features at the site 705-5-2 Fractures Penetrating the Plateau Observation of the top surface of the plateau revealed a well-developed fracture system mnning mostly parallel at intervals of several meters all over the plateau. The fractures are present not only at plateau margins but also in the central parts as well. They mn most prominently in the NW-SE and NE-SW directions. The direction of the fractures were measured in five areas of the plateau surface, and no significant differences are recognized among the areas. In the central region of the plateau, the fractures are often recognized as stripes accentuated by linear alignment of camel grass or oxidation of iron contained in rain water. In the periphery of the plateau, nevertheless, cracks parallel to the cliff line tend to add to the above two coursing directions. These parallel cracks may constitute the head of semicircular sUding occurring at the plateau margin. From these observations, it should be taken for granted that the plateau constituting the Ruins of Jiaohe has a potential risk of being broken into long columnar pieces of several meters. It may be envisaged that, over the surface of the cliff surrounding the plateau, debris flow deposits vulnerable to erosion are seen selectively eroded and the overlying muddy deposits deprived of their support may consequently became detached and fall off in the above-described long columnar units partitioned by the fractures. In other words, the plateau of the Ruins of Jiaohe is considered to be composed of a collection of long columnar blocks each of which measures several meter squares in base area and some 10 meter or less in length, with the shorter side sectioned by the fractures in two directions and the longer side by the debris flow deposit, and which have a potential risk of collapsing. PI. 5.28 Cliff surrounding the Pleteau PI. 5.29 Edge of the Pleteau 71DIRECTION OF FRACTURE WHOLE CfiEft <N=156! N DIRECTION OF FRACTURE (fía 3<N=32) N DIRECTION OF FRACTURE CREA 2<N=22) DIRECTION OF FRACTURE GREA 6<N=29) asa 248' , o i vy Fig. 5.7 Fractures in two different directions penetrating the Ruins of Jiaohe Linearly grown grass Open fracture filled with plastics Muddy deposit Groundwater level - Collapse Debris flow deposit vulnerable to erosion Talus depsit covered with begetation Fig. 5.8 Mode of collapse of the plateau of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 725-5-3 Structure and Deterioration of Walls The structures of the rains of Jiaohe present peculiar features characterized by a basal wall constructed by digging in the naturally formed earth and an artificial wall layer built upon it. It can be noted through elaborate observations that the damage which the structures sustain can be classified into several characteristic patterns. Firstly, the area of carved out natural ground, that is, the natural wall component, is the most significantly damaged among the structures of the Ruins of Jiaohe. The natural wall component is uninfected by artificial modulation of its material and eventually is highly heterogeneous in quality. It seems likely that there may be two types of the area of carved out natural ground, that is, the natural wall component, material-wise, depending upon the site, namely, one consisting mostly of silts alone and the other composed of noticeably fine lamination of soil and sand. Accordingly, they present respective deteriorative phenomena. The former mostly comprised of silts show scab-like cracks in the superficial layer of 3 to 4 millimeter thickness, with consequent defoliation leading to thinning of the wall. In the region of the wall consisting of a fine lamination with silt and sand, white precipitates separate out over the wall surface to cause superficial deterioration. The artificially made wall component is relatively well preserved compared with the natural wall component, though there is a slight moldering of the region made by ramming and damages due to sunshine and rain in the upper part of the region prepared by piling of wet bricks. It is said that strong northwest winds usually blow in spring and summer at the site. High gritty winds, blowing sand through over the earth surface against the base of the wall like sand plasters, caused sloughing of the wall at a level of about 1 meter. As this height of wall is within the region of the natural wall component, the strong winds have inflicted the greatest damage on the natural wall component. The artificial wall component too was also eroded by the wind, but it appears its higher level from the ground limited the damage to a lesser extent, i.e. a partial shaving in softer areas. Damages due to insect nests, measuring 1-2 centimeters in diameter, are also seen in parts of this natural wall component or cliff aspect. These damages are prominent in areas of sand layer vulnerable to erosion. 735-5-4 Analysis of Wall Constituents and Their Deterioration Products Sampling was conducted of the materials from the structures of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe to identify the materials and to delineate the phenomenon of their deterioration, with approval by the Chinese professionals. The samples collected were subjected to X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis at the Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute. The points of sampling and results of X-ray diffraction analysis were as follows: No. 1 Natural wall component (silts) - Intact region Calcite (CaC03) + clay minerals No.2 Natural wall component (silts) - Deteriorated scab-like layer Calcite (CaC03) + clay minerals No.3 Natural wall component (silt + sand) - White precipitates Gypsum (CaS04) + clay minerals No.4 Artificial wall component (ramming) Calcite (CaC03) + Gypsum (CaSÛ4 2H2O) + clay minerals No.5 Artificial wall component (pilling of wet bricks) Calcite (CaCÛ3) + Gypsum (CaSÛ4 2H2O) + clay minerals No.6 Finishing white pigment over wall surface (collected from the small temple) Gypsum (CaS04 2H2O) No.7 White granular product (gravel scattered on the plateau) Calcite (CaCOs) No.7 White product on the riverside (found in abundance along the river bank coursing beside the plateau) Thenardite (Na2S04) As seen from the above analytical data, the stratum constituting the plateau on which the Ruins of Jiaohe stand basically contains noticeable quantities of calcium. The white granular product occurring on the plateau as if it were scattered ballast (Data No.7) is considered to have formed from spontaneous aggregation within the stratum and to have became exposed on the plateau surface as a result of weathering. Chinese professionals call them "calcium lump". The natural wall component of the ruins also contain calcite though at not so high a concentration as the "calcium lump". The scab-like silty product also contains calcite, whereas the white precipitate in the (silt + sand) layer represent Gypsum altered from calcite. This indicates an obvious participation of moisture in the precipitation phenomenon. 74.../ í ;r ' *" '0t PI. 5.30 Scab-like silty product PI. 5.31 White precipitates -^ 5-5-5 Surrounding Environment of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and its Deterioration It is evident from meteorological data accumulated to date that weather conditions of the Turfan District where the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are located are noticeably peculiar. It is difficult, nevertheless, to accurately delineate the deteriorative phenomena of structural constituent materials of these mins unless micro-climatic changes of the plateau are known in detail. In the present survey, a measuring of the ambient temperature and relative humidity over about 24 hours at an upper part of the artificial wall of the westem aspect of the Northwest Small Temple which is a key stracture (from 16:00, October 28, to 17:00, October 29, 1992, Beijing Time) was conducted. The relative humidity was 9.7% at the highest temperature of 22.0°C (15:31, October 29) and 54.7% at the lowest temperature of 1.7°C (05:49, October 28). The weather conditions at this season, i.e. the end 75of autumn and the beginning of winter, were said to be relatively mild in this district. Yet the within- day difference in ambient temperature was as great as 20.3 °C and that in relative humidity as much as 45%. The absolute moisture content of atmosphere calculated from a graphic moist air plot was noted to be stable at a remarkably low level, i.e. 0.0015 (kg/kg) at the highest temperature and 0.0025 (kg/kg) at the lowest temperature; hence a marked dryness of air. The dew point of moisture in this air is theoretically about -5°C. The within-day difference of ambient temperature of this area being as great as 20°C, therefore, should include the said dew point if the atmospheric temperature falls without any significant change in the absolute moisture content. There is the possibility in such circumstances that the moisture in the air may change the condition cyclically from dewing, then icing, and melting on the surface of the wall. Even a little rainfall thus leads to an increase in absolute moisture content of air as well as to elevation of the dew point and consequent increase of water content in the wall. Eventually, the cycle of dewing, icing and melting would tend to proceed in the superficial layer of the wall. This corresponds to the freezing and thawing phenomenon which accounts at least in part for deterioration of rocks in cold districts. It is probable that the phenomenon of crustoid exfoliation seen in the artificially constructed silty wall component can be attributed to this phenomenon. Moisture taken up by the stratum of earth dissolves salts in the stratum and, on its evaporation at the earth surface, the salt solutes became concentrated and left as salt precipitates. Deterioration of rocks from the surface inwards due to this phenomenon is referred to as weathering by salts. From the observed fact of the occurrence of white precipitates in the (silt + sand) natural wall component, it is obvious that this phenomenon of weathering by salts has been taking place on the plateau of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Then a question arises as to the source of supply of water to effect such salt-weathering. Occasional rainfalls, though slight, seem to contribute to it. The effects of water collected in favored areas within the stratum and subterranean water may also have to be taken into account. Whether the sulfate radical existent in the white precipitates formed in the natural wall component is consequent at least in part on that contained in water of the river coursing beside the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe or not remains to be ascertained. Furthermore, acid rain due to SOx and NOx discharged from factories which may increase with developing industrialization in China may also come to pose a major problem in connection with preservation of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. This is because calcite is among those materials most susceptible to the adverse effects of acid rain. Even the observation of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity made in a single day permits a considerable amount of speculative exploration on the deterioration phenomenon. Regional meteorological data, if obtained throughout a year, would facilitate more accurate delineation of the deterioration phenomenon of the buildings of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. 765-6 Physiochemical and Engineering Studies 5-6-1 Boring Survey GK2 60.07 Fig. 5.9 Sites of Boring survey 775-6-2 Soil Analysis Soil samples collected from natural ground, wet brick piled regions and rammed regions of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe were analyzed by the Cultural Materials Preservation and Repair Section of the Culture Agency of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Xinjiang Research Institute for Biology, Geology and Desert of the Science Agency of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The analytical results were as follows. Table 5.2 Analytical results Measurement Natural water contein in 0 o of dry weight Wet density Dry density Specific gravity Degree of saturation Natural void ratio Liquid limit Coefficient of consolidation Uncon fined compression Shearing strength (Compression quick shear test) Plastic limit Natural ground 2.16% 1.80g'cm"' 1.75g cm" 2.72 10.67% 0.55 27.30° o 0.0126 83.50Kpa C=-48.8Kpa $=28.5° ^^^ Rammed soil 1.80% 1 .70g cm 1 .67g cnf 2.71 7.86% 0.629 24.0% ^^^ 17.80% I Piling of wet bricks 1.61% 1.7 lg cm" 1 .68g cm' 2.72 7.02% 0.63 28.20% ^^^^ 11.25Kpa C=30.0Kpa 4>=45.5° 20.20% 78Fig. 5.10 Geological Columnar Section of GK1 Fig.5.1 1 Geological Columnar Section of GK2 Causa of Geologic Age Depth of Bottum of Stratum Thickness of Stratum 35.16 35-68 37.00 3T.73 Stat i tua I Droning /////// /////// '/////A /////// /////// m Description of Stratum Silry Clay : Light yellow, granular In shape of stratum: contain o little spotted rust, hard, concentrated and dry Silt : yellov-brom. massive In shape of stratuih contain a little spotted rust and calcareous. nord to plastic, a little wt. middle concentrated. Silt Cloy : grey-brown, gronulx in shape of stratum cantoin a little spotted rust, hard to plastic; middle concentrated and middle «et Silt : yellow-two, moinly carposed of quxtz-felds par! even pellets; subraunoed. horlzontdl beds, ircre contains more spotted rust, s light I cermnted. loose and very wt. Silty Clay : xey-yellow. granular; in shape of stratum contain o little spotted rust, hard to plastic; middle concentrated and very wt. Silt : grey-brack; mecraly conposed of quxtz-feluspox than the dark minerals, even pel lets, horizontal beds, contain more spotted rust, slightly concentrated; very wt and contrated. Gravel-Contained Coarse sand: grey-black maing conposed of quxtz-f n I dspx than the dark minerals, mil pellets. In shape of ridge, horizontal beds, gravels xe 0.5-0. San in diameters and about 101 of the total composition. slightly cemented: middle concentrated and very wt. Silty Clay: gray-dark, granular; in shape of stratum contain a little spotted rust and sol sarecus nodule hard to plastic. middle concentrated and very wt. Grovel-Contained Coarse Sand: grey-brom. mainly conposed of quartz-feldspar, mix del lets In shape of ridge horizontal beds giaveis are 0.1/cn in diameters, and about 10-15% of the total composition: slightly cemented; middle concentrated and vary from very wt to wt. then to saturated. Silty Clay: grey-brow, gronulx structure, in shq» of stratum, contains a little spotted rust, with layer of silty fine sand 0.5m thick among it. hard to plastic, middle concentrcted; and sotxoted. Pebble: quartz and sandstone take first place of composition, with poor I rounded, diomBters of gravels are J-4cm in general, hile very few them xe about 8cm. subuigulx. filled lith sands, slightly cenrrted middle concentrated; It is interbeds of middle sand and sandy grovel and under lies then. Gravel-Contained Silt: gray-brown, in shope of stratum, cuntum. contains a little otottei rust, with thinlayx of silt and silty clay among it. can be plastic, a little concentrated and saturated. C I ay:red-brawi. in shape of stratum, contains FeO aid calcxeaus nodule, concentrated, dry and hxd. and difficult to break It off 1 nto blocks. Gravel :moinly cimposed of quxtz-feldspxl, with poxly rounded but easy to choose; gravels xe 1-2cm in diaretxsths the biagede can reach 3cm; subunglx. alight ly cemented; middle concentrated. Gravel-Contained Silty Clay: grey -brawn, gronulx in shape of stratum, gravels xe Wan in d i orators and about 51of the total composition, ex be plostic and a little concentrated. Silty Fine Sand: grey-brown, mainly composed of quxtz-feldspx. even pelet. horizontal beds, loose- Silty Clay: yel law-brown, gronulx: in shape of stratum contains alittle spotted rust and calcxeous nodule hxd to plostic and middle concentrated. Silty Fine Sand: grey-brack, mainly carposed of quxtz-feldspx than the dark minerals, even pel let. hxizontal beds, si ihtly cemened; o little concented. Ground latx Table im) First Sight Steady Natural latx Content 1(1) B.20 - 8.60 9.80 - 10.60 21.« -22.10 B.24 11.« 15.05 15.90 Cause of Geologic Age Depth of Bottum of Stratum 12.T0 13.60 Thickness of Stratum 777777/ /////// '1LLLLL. /////// /////// /////// Stet i ma I Drawing 1:200 'fíf/ffl /////// Desxiptlxi of Stratum Silt: Light yellow, gronulx in shope of stratum: contain a little rusty spot, hxd. thick ond Xy. Si It: light yellow, moinly caposed of quxtz-feldspx even pekkets; subrounded; hxizontal beds; contain rusty spot; rodiurn corrected; midddle concentrated; ond very wt. Silt Clay:yel low-brown, gronulx in shope of stratum contain a little rusty spot; hxd to plostic; ond very wt. Si It ¡Gray-brown; blue-grey; gronulx; in shape of strstum; contain a little rusty spot; thick, ond vxy wt. It is brown-yellow ttiin layx of silty fine sands at the lower pxt. Silty Silt;blue-xey; gronulx; contain mxe hunus; have on offensive smell of HS; con be plastic; vxy wt ond concentrated. Silt:Grey-brown; maxaly composed of quxtz-feldspx mix pellets subrounded; hxizontal beds; contain spotted x stripped FeO. Slightly cemented; middle concentroted and vxy wt. Silty ClayiGrey-brown. granulx: in shape of stratum; contain Í spotted FF.0. Hxd to plastic; middle concentrated and vxy wet. Silt;Grey-brown; mainly conposed of ouxts-fedspar; ever pellets; Subrounded; hxizontal beds; contain striped FeO: Slightly cemented; middle concentroted and wt. ___^ Silty Clay: Grey-brown; granulx; In shape of strutumi contain a little spotted FeO. can be plastic, middle concentroted and wt, Carrpostian of sands Increses at the bottom. Silt:Grey-brown. mainly composed of quxtz-feldspx subrounded; hxizontal beds; contain a little spotted FeO; slightly cemented; middle concentrdted wet. Gravel-contoined ccorse sond;Grey-block; mainly conposed of feldspx-quxtz than the dxk mirerais: mixed pellets; subrounded; hxizontal beds; contain grovel and it take about 1 0-1 51; gravels xe 2-3cm in diometxs; subungulxi slighty cemented; middle concentrated, ond saturated. /Pebble; loose structure, massive, mainly carposed of quxtz. I ¡rastre and sand stxe gravels xe 5-Bcm in diametxs. ond the greatest xe about 10cm; with poxlsxted ond vxy poxy. They xe subunglx. slightly camnted. middle concentrated and saturated. Silty Fine Sands; Grey-brown: moinly composed of quxtz-feldspx; mixed pellets; subrounded; hxizontal beds! contain a little gravel end It take about 51 Content of gravel increases at the bottom of stratum, slightly cemented. middlB concentrated, and satxated. Grove I -Contained Silt: Grey-brown: granulx in shope of strotun; contain a little srripped FeO and calcxeous nodule; gravels xe O.B-1.0cm in diameters and about 101 of the total corrposition: they xe medium cenwrted. middle concentroted; ond thxe is layx of silt about TOcffl thick prong them. Gravel; loose structxeimosslve: mainly conposed of quxtz and sandstone gravels xe 2-3cm in diameters in carman, while the biggese con reach Ban. They xe hxd to choose: subungulx; slightly cwented. middle concentrated. Gravel -Contained Silt: grey-brown, granulx in shape of stratum, contain gravels and spotted FeO- There is thin layx silt among them; con be plostic and vxy thick. Silty Clay; Tel low-brown: granulx. in shape of stratum contain a little calcxeous nodule and spotted FeO can be plastic, a little concentrated, and they xe hxd aftx be ing dried. Silt; Grey-block; mainly carposed of quxtz-feldspx even pellets subrauded hxizontal beds contain a little spotted FeO slightly cemented ond middle concentrated. Grovel-Contained Coxse Sand; Grey-brown; mainly carposed of quxtz-feldspx; mixed xe (MOcm in diamatxs and about 101 of the total composition slightly cerronted and middle concentrated Thxe Is thin layx of silt at the bottom. Gravel-Contained Silt; Yellow-brown; granulx in shape of stratum; contain gravels and spoted FeO. plastic Silty Cloy; Yel low-brown; honeycomb with developed holes: contain a little calcxeous nodule and about 51. plastic, middle concentrated. Gravel-Contained Silt; Yel low-brown ¡ granulx in shape of stratum contain a little spotted FeO and gravel Contain a little C0ICXB0U6 nodule. Thxe Is thin layx od silt, plostic ond thick. Gravel-Contained Silt; Grey-brown, granulx in shape of stratum; contain gravels ond spotted FeO plastic ond a little concentrated. Silty Fine Sands; Grey-brown; mainly carposed of quxtz-feldspx nixed pellets, subrounded hxizontal bee 1 6. contain a little spotted FeO sllghly cemented. Thxe is thin layx of gravel- contained coxse sand. Ground latx Table (m) First Sight Steady e Natural latx extent I (1) 3.70 - 1.00 I. 80 - 2.30 5.21 14.16 11.90 - 12.50 12.70 - 13.50 H.60 - 17.40 14. Gl 22.13U' ... ,/5?Ql 1 2 3 4 Natural ground Rammed soil Piling of wet bricks Calcium lump Fig. 5.12 Sites of soil sample 795-7 Micro-climate Observation UNESCO provided the scientific solutions to observe the climate of the region of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, to collect and analyze data and understand the natural environment, to determine the causes of the degradation of the ruins and protect the ruins using scientific technologies. In 1994, additional weather observation equipment was purchased and installation was completed on June 22, 1995. The equipment is capable of automatically measuring and recording by computer a variety of climatic conditions such as wind velocity, wind direction, temperature, solar radiation and evaporation. Systematic collection of the climatic data over a long period of time by the latest weather monitoring devices installed at the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, will support the preservation, research and management of the ruins from new aspects. PI, 5.32 Climate-monitoring Equipment 806. Summary of Preservation and Restoration of the First Phase (1992-1995) The comprehensive preservation of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe was carried out under the following three policies. I The characteristics of the landscape of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe lie in the facts that the basic ancient city structure can be understood from the ruined structures remaining on the earth and that one may actually feel the lapse of time since the downfall of the city. The primary policy of the plan should lie in the protection of the ancient ruined structure. To put it concretely, the principal aims should be to prevent any further collapse of the ruins, and to avoid construction of facilities within the ruins as well as repairs that interfere with the integrity of the ruined landscape. II Conservation and repair of the ancient ruined structures are to be aimed for based on the results of archaeological excavation, a review of the literature, and the like. Conservation and repair of the ancient ruined structures must be preceded by thorough archaeological excavation and a review of the literature and implemented only after deliberate assessments based on them are made. This rule, however, shall not apply to emergency preservation measures. III The preservation and restoration of the ancient ruins shall be positioned as a site museum that intelligibly expresses the characteristic features and historical significance of the ruins while preservation measures being actively undertaken. The ruins shall be made to function as a constitutive element of the historical and cultural environment and also as the core of regional identity. It was impossible to complete all of the preservation work required in only this single project due to financial and time restraints, and so it was decided to carry out the items listed below in this project (surveys, urgent work, and experimental work for future projects, etc.), as well as the preparation of a master plan. 1 . Trial Execution of the Collapse-prevention Measures of the Cliff Side 2. Restoration of the Northwest Small Temple 3. Exhibition of Replica of the Northwest Small Temple 4. Construction Work of the Embankment 5. Plan for Visitor' s Paths 6. Improvement of Explanatory Facilities and Outdoor Exhibitions 7. Construction of the Base Camp 8. Emergency Preservation Works 816-1 Trial Execution of the Collapse-prevention Measures of the Cliff Side The cliff, which rises to a height of 30 meters, consists of layers of silt and sand. The cliff has been eroded over the years, little by little, so that only a limited part of the surface of the present cliff existed when the ancient city of Jiaohe was in use. Although preventing further collapse of the cliff is one of the major goals of this project, the results of geological analysis, soil analysis, boring surveys and anchor tests established the following conclusions. It is theoretically possible to prevent the cliff from collapsing using soil anchors, but because the cliff is composed of soil rather than rock, many anchors would be required to stop the cliff from collapsing. Since the anchors would have to be fixed from the outside of the cliff, temporary structure for this work would cost so much as well. A more practical method would be to apply small anchors from the top of the plateau over the blocks next to the blocks which currently have large cracks (the blocks in secondary degree of collapse). However, even the costs for this method are excessive because of the amount of work required. Consequently, necessity of the work to prevent cliff collapse was underlined in the master plan in this project, and the actual work will be carried out in a later project. PI. 6.1 Location of the anchoring pull out test ->;'--^V PI. 6.2 After the anchoring pull out test PI. 6.3 Some radiant fissures appered around the anchor ^ ( tf..' L..i.Vel»i 826-2 Preservation of the Northwest Small Temple 6-2-1 State of Preservation The state of preservation of the Northwest Small Temple is rather good compared to other ruins in Jiaohe and it is a relatively small structure. Also, the temple is independent and isolated from other buildings. For these reasons, the Northwest Small Temple was selected as a an exemple for restoration. All of the roofs of the Northwest Small Temple have long since disintegrated, but the walls remain and it can be observed that they were constructed using three different methods. The state of damage of the walls varies according to the type of construction. Damage of sections of the walls constructed by carving out of the ground may cause the entire wall to collapse. Previous repairs have been carried out by inserting sun-dried brick into hollow areas of the walls constructed by carving out of the ground. Although these repairs prevented further erosion of the hollowed out areas of the wall, they did not add structural support. 6-2-2 Comparative Tests of Preservation Measures Tests were carried out on three different major types of damage in the Northwest Small Temple. One damaged area was the base of a wall constructed by carving out of the natural ground, which had been eroded by wind and sand. The second damaged area was a connected section of piled-up wet brick which had been weakened to the point of collapse. The third area was at the entrance, with damage for the same reasons. Earth to be used for reinforcement should be sufficiently strong, durable, must not include deleterious components, and should have the same, or similar, appearance and components as the original wall. It is also very important that materials to be used for restoration of large ruins be cheap. The materials used for the reinforcement tests explained below were all collected from the plateau of Jiaohe, except for a small quantity of concrete. The tests showed that materials to be used for reinforcement have both good appearance and strength. All of the specialists in attendance at the tests agreed that the tests were successful, and so it was decided that the preservation work for the Northwest Small Temple should be carried out using these methods. Reinforcement of wall bases gouged out by wind and sand erosion The soil contains a large proportion of sand which reduces strength. The following three reinforcement materials were considered to add appropriate strength. 1. Reinforcement using cement The characteristics of soil can be modified with the addition of a small quantity of cement. It is practical to use cement, because the strength and durability of the reinforcement material can be controlled by the cement. However, the original wall to be reinforced is ocher and the color of cement which will be added for reinforcement is bluish gray. To avoid the reinforced area from having a completely different color from the color of the original wall, the quantity of cement should be minimized, but taking into account the strength of the reinforcement material at the same time. 2. Reinforcement using clay Clay here means soil with a relatively high viscosity, taken from the plateau of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Some of the buildings still retain their structure, 83even after such a long time, which is evidence that some of the materials on the plateau have considerably high durability against the climatic conditions of the region and that, therefore, these materials are appropriate for use in restoration. The average particle size of soil components is a major determinant of the drying shrinkage rate. It is very important to select the components and decide how to use them. 3. Reinforcement using clay including calcium lump If soil includes relatively large particles then the average soil particle size is increased, reducing drying shrinkage typical of some soils. Inclusion of calcium lump not only increases the average particle size, but also increases the strength of the soil. Furthermore, calcium lump are the same color as the ruins, which avoids the problems of color difference between newly reinforced areas and original walls. Calcium lump are a lot stronger than soil, so including calcium lump in the soil significantly enhances the strength of the soil. Tests of reinforcement material including calcium lump proved excellent. The color of reinforced areas was identical to the original. The reinforced areas also had a rough texture, which was very similar to the original wall. The best feature of this reinforcement material is strong bonding with relatively good strength. Reinforcement of sections constructed by piling up wet bricks 1. Soil The following three types of soil were tested: (1) Fine sand and fine sand containing conglomerates regularly seen on the plateau. (2) Material created by smashing broken pieces which have fallen off the buildings. (3) Ordinary soil with calcium lump added Test results show that with the material created by smashing up broken pieces of the ruins originally constructed by piling up wet bricks and which includes a high proportion of particles with high viscosity, bonding is strong, and the material has relatively good strength. On the other hand, because the soil includes a high proportion of particles with high viscosity, the average particle size is reduced, which increases shrinkage. When this material was used to repair walls, cracks appeared as the material dried. The surface of the repaired area was smooth and fine, which contrasted very markedly with the surface of the original wall. Ordinary soil contains a higher proportion of sand than the material created from broken pieces of the ruins, and the average particle size is larger. This composition reduces shrinkage cracks and differences between the repaired area and the original wall were not so visible compared to the material used above. However, the strength of the material was obviously less than the above material. The most appropriate mixing ratio of the material made of ordinary soil and of calcium lump was determined after carrying out numerous tests. The features of the material made of soil and calcium lump were superior to the above two materials. The strength of the soil including calcium is approximately the same as the material constructing the original walls constructed using the wet brick piling up method. The appearance of the repaired area moved closer to the original wall using the wet 84brick pilling up method. If this material is used to repair ruins and applied with appropriate techniques, shrinkage cracks will be minimized. However, the costs of using this material will be higher and it will take more time and labor than those using materials (1) or (2). 2. Method to pile up materials for reinforcement The following three tests were carried out to find out how materials should be piled up for restoration based on an understanding of the basic ancient methods of piling up wet bricks acquired from the survey. (1) Material was piled up without using forms, only put and pressed with palms. (2) Material was piled up using forms and pressing boards in order. (3) Material was piled up using forms, put and pressed with palms. It was very difficult to create an even wall surface using method (1), but smooth surfaces were created using methods (2) and (3). Method (2) minimizes the appearance of cracks. Method (3) is the nearest to the original method. The test results were assessed and the conclusion reached that although the appearance of repairs using method (3) was the nearest to the original method, (2) was the most appropriate when all points were considered, and so method (2) was adopted. It is possible to restore buildings utilizing methods similar to the original method of construction, but such methods would give rise to cracks between large blocks due to shrinkage, and so are inappropriate from the point of view of preservation. A difficulty in piling up reinforcement material was how to merge repaired areas with the original wall, and to connect between each units of piled material. Special consideration was given to these points. 6-2-3 Reinforcement Work It is not necessary to repair all damaged walls built by piling up wet bricks considering structural factors or aspects of appearance. It was decided to repair damaged sections of the north wall to protect the wall against strong winds. Repairs using traditional construction methods were tested. The wet brick piling up construction method is still used in Kashgar, a city in the west of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It was decided that gouged areas of the wall would be repaired by precise ramming. Calcium lump collected locally were mixed into the soil to be used for ramming and the repairs were structurally sound and of satisfactory appearance. Lime is sometimes mixed with soil used for ramming, but this confers the disadvantage of whitening the color. The soil mixture used for the reinforcement at this time was ideal. Observation of the repaired sections will continue, and if the results are satisfactory, then this method will be used for other damaged places. Ramming is often still used in this region to build structures such as mud-walls used to divide fields. The use of synthetic resin was tested as a means to prevent weathering of the soil. However, it was impossible to test many types of plastics at the site to compare results, and only one type of resin made in China (of unknown composition) was tested. Although solution of this resin was sprayed onto the surface of the soil, it hardened in parts to look like scabs on the surface, and so the use of resin was dropped at this time. Even if a resin effective in preserving the ruins were to be 85found, the costs to apply the resin will be extremely expensive and prohibit use for the entire ruins. Resin reinforcement should be carried out only on the most important structures such as stupa. Repairs and restoration commenced from the most damaged section, the north wall and proceeded to other places according to the extent of the damage. The actual order was the north wall, the east wall, the west wall, the east side of the south wall, FF entrance, FD south entrance, then the base of the hall. The restoration work was divided into two periods, starting in the middle of September of 1994. Restoration required very complicated skills and was seriously affected by the weather. The first period was September to November 1994, and the second period was July to October 1995. Tests were repeatedly carried out to select the material, soil and method of piling up to be used for reinforcement. It was finally decided that 67% of the material for the reinforcement of the walls should be composed of ocher with a relatively high purity collected from the plateau, 23% calcium lumps and 10% water. These components were thoroughly mixed and piled up in layers. The strength of viscosity of the material was higher than the original soil used for the walls. The same material with just a different proportion of water was used to repair and reinforce walls. The material was simmered over low heat for a day, mixed well, beaten into clay plates 30 centimeters thick and then sliced into thinner plates 5 centimeters thick, using iron shovels. The cut plates were inserted between supported wooden boards in an arrangement where alternate plates face the opposite direction and finally the plates were beaten. Reinforcement of walls constructed by carving out of the ground Soil with a relatively strong viscosity and fortified with added calcium lump was used as reinforcement for sections of wall constructed by carving out the ground, in accordance with the results of previous tests. Gouged wall bases on the outer side of the north, east and west walls, west face of the north wall of FD south entrance, were repaired using this material. As a result, vertical shrinkage cracks appeared on all layers. Reinforcement of walls constructed using the wet brick piling up method Three tests of reinforcing walls constructed by piling up wet bricks, showed that the characteristics of material made of ordinary soil with calcium lump were relatively good, and so this composite material was used for the reinforcement of the north wall of the Northwest Small Temple. This work was completed in the fall of 1994. Based on the test results, it was decided to use boards as a frame to pile up plates to install the reinforcement material for the wall originally constructed by piling up wet bricks. This method was used for the reinforcement of the north wall of the Northwest Small Temple, made by piling up wet bricks. The original preservation and restoration plan for the Northwest Small Temple, required the north wall, constructed by piling up wet bricks, to be restored up to the third layer. However, the plan was later changed and it was decided to restore the wall up to the fourth layer, because the height of a wall up to the third layer would not be sufficient to protect the main building, which connects closely to the north wall, from the strong northwesterly winds, nor to prevent visitors from climbing up the wall and destroying it. The plans for the east and west walls were also changed and were repaired up to the fourth layer, to be the same as the north wall. However, this restoration does not look appropriate, because the proportion repaired is too great. Future restoration should proceed taking into consideration the weaknesses of this restoration. 86After repairing the most wind-eroded areas of the outside of the north wall, which was constructed using soil and by piling up wet bricks, matted clay was applied to walls constructed using the wet brick piling up method, from the first to the fourth layer of the outside of the north wall by precisely following techniques used in ancient times. The area repaired was 60 square meters. Uneven sections were leveled in the first stage of application of the clay, and smoothed in the second stage. Calcium lump were inserted into the borders between the original wall and newly repaired areas to distinguish them. 17 -TTTrmTmvmmTTTTmjTTTrmTmr/'/'ni/i, ////////, ¡/¡¡¡¡j,íTTTTTTTTmmTj7TTmrmmnrrriiiin/i/i//f/¡/i/iiifmnr; ' Carving out of ttie p:;^=^nalural ground ' ^^ Ramming . Piling of wel bricks \ Riled with mass J of eartti \ Partial repair Í with earth E] Fig. 6.1 Plotting Result of the restration of the Northwest Small Temple, North side 87^t^...' .i, PI. 6.4 Northwest Small Temple, North side Restoration of the wall worked through carving out of the natural ground PI. 6.5 Northwest Small Temple, North side Restoration of the wall worked through piling of wet bricks PI. 6.6 Northwest Small Temple, North side Clay with fibers had been plastered6-3 Exhibition of Replica of the Northwest Small Temple 6-3-1 Plan for exhibition Although some parts of the Northwest Small Temple were repaired, it is difficult for ordinary visitors to imagine the original state of the temple. Architecture can be recognized only by way of spatial experience, and a deep impression as an art exists therein. It is difficult to make visitors fully understand the shape of the ancient ruins and their historical and cultural meanings merely by means of a display of architectural arrangement and/or on explanatory panel. Therefore, "Exhibition of Replica" is a very effective means by which spatial experience can be gained and into which historical information can be woven at the sites. Therefore, it was decided that the Northwest Small Temple be reconstructed and exhibited outside of the ruins, taking into account the appearance of the ruins. For the reconstruction and exhibition of the temple, modern technology and materials were used only for the foundations of the building; all other parts of the building were constructed using traditional methods, very precisely and with great care. There are various types of replica as shown below. (1) The original structure or its partial materials remain and reproduction is conducted on the basis of their traces, etc. (2) Reproduction is carried out from the traces of the remains of buildings and historical materials such as antique photographs and drawings. (3) Reproduction is carried out solely on the basis of basal ancient ruins and by reference to existing structures of the same era. (4) While no historical materials are existent, reproduction is performed according to a model assumed from existing architectures of the same era and of the same type. The Northwest Small Temple was reconstructed by the method stated in (2). In categories (3) and (4), reconstruction is to be made largely on the basis of presumption, and it is important to carry it out with discretion since errors may occur unless it is carried out with intensive surveys and investigation. In this case, it must be considered as a replica of identical size and the work would have to be called "Exhibition of Replica". Location of the reconstructed Northwest Small Temple Although it would have been best to locate the reconstructed Northwest Small Temple near the South Gate with the guidance facility so that visitors could observe them together, appropriate land could not be obtained and so it was sited on farmland purchased on the other side of the river which flows beside the car park. The temple is accessed using the bridge connecting the car park with the site. The target period of the structure to be reconstructed Assessment of the ruins confirms that the Northwest Small Temple was originally constructed in the sixth century, and although it includes modifications, the original structure of the temple is relatively well preserved. For this reason it was decided to reconstruct the structure in its original shape. Examination of reconstruction plans The Culture Agency of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was responsible for producing plans for the reconstruction of the Northwest Small Temple. Although the plan copied the original structure of the ruins, roof structure above the monks' living quarters did not exactly the features on 89the original structure, so the agency was requested to produce another plan. The first plan depicted the monks' living quarters as a two-story structure with a rafter roof covered with clay, but it is believed that the Northwest Small Temple almost certainly had a vaulted roof because there are no marks for rafters or floor beams on the wall, whereas it does have marks thought to be the base of the vaulted roof, and smoke ducts end at these marks. Therefore, the agency was requested to produce the second plan which includes a vaulted roof. The first plan (Plan A) and the second plan (Plan B) were examined and it was decided to implement Plan B because the temple has marks proving the existence of a vaulted roof. Although most of the roof of the Great Temple was constructed using rafters, part was reconstructed with a vaulted roof which is evidence that the Great Temple and the Northwest Small Temple were constructed in different periods. It is believed that the vaulted roof was introduced into Jiaohe after the Great Temple was constructed and before the construction of the Northwest Small Temple. The Great Temple is thought to have been constructed in the fifth century AD and the Northwest Small Temple was probably constructed a little later. Direction of the main axis of the Great Temple and that of the Northwest Small Temple slightly differ each other, which also suggests that they were constructed in different periods. The basement originally had a rafter roof about 50 centimeters above the ground, but marks indicate that a vaulted roof was constructed later. Because it was decided that the replica would copy the original structure, the reconstructed basement has a rafter roof. The stupa has been completely destroyed, probably intentionally. However, an unclear line of marks left by the stupa on the floor allows the size of the stupa to be estimated. This stupa was decided to be reconstructed. There are no traces of the roof across the corridor between the stupa and the surrounding wall, so estimates were made based on similar ruins. The Toyuk Buddhist Caves situated approximately 20 kilometers east of Turfan are in a severely deteriorated state, but assessment of investigations and photographs of the caves produced at the beginning of the twentieth century point to the structure of the caves as being appropriate to be implemented in the reconstruction of the main hall. A small vaulted roof was reconstructed. None of the stupas in any of the ruins have complete tops, so reference was made to ancient pictures and materials of Buddhist ruins of central Asia. The front of the main hall has marks of beams, rafters and the bases of walls which prove the existence of an antechamber in front. Marks indicate the presence of a shed roof with rafters so this was decided to be incorporated in the replica. The corridor around the main hall has marks of a vaulted roof base and so a small vaulted roof was decided to be reconstructed covering the corridor. Although the inside of the main entrance of the temple has marks indicating rafters and it is expected that the entrance had a roof to act as a sunshade, it was decided not to reconstruct the roof in this project. There was a window at a high position at the southeast corner and traces point to the possibility that there was a second floor used as a lookout point, but it was decided that this lookout point would not be reconstructed in the project. Ovens and other facilities would be reconstructed in the monks' living quarters to create a lived-in feeling. The wall of the replica of the Northwest Small Temple would be constructed by piling up wet bricks and then the surface was finished with soil mixture containing stalks to imitate the feature of the original structure. Although not many traces of plaster were found in the ruins, it was decided to apply white plaster because the walls of the Underground Temple and Buddhist Caves were finished in this way. 907)^ ^' ,Q 'l *l À (p ® @ ff] ^^ @ (7) ® ' 1 * 1 i» i "^1! 1 H ' U 1 i_ !" ii ll%i LM. ®^"Hi ^.. p ^ .. S' \¿í<''/,/'<¿-^/( ,. .v....n r C=3 ^ H^J l'iV v./f .-^í^ T~T-i*-' ^ É $ i «; ^'--^^ ' ' 1 ^ ^£í^...fezz=i i í ^J íí--; ^m/.:'-/7- m^ i i é I ¿ il it^ >- ! I i1; W [«H.<| :FríJ -f*4- íi) ®CÉ) # "í^ ípss J=J Fig. 6.2 Plan of the Northwest Small Temple S=1 :200 91D 1© IEj¿ÍB(A) l=b Fig. 6.3 Plan A : Elevation J-3a- 4-^- M &JSKA) Fig. 6.4 Plan A : Section-1 92,.( "t. n-mijii(A) Fig. 6.5 Plan A : Section-2 m-mgijlg(A)" Fig. 6.6 Plan A : Section-3 93ár JEiE@(B) i 4m Fig. 6.7 Plan B : Elevation (implemented plan) I-IfJillH(B) 4m Fig. 6.8 Plan B : Section-1 (implemented plan) 94Fig. 6.9 Plan B : Section-2 (implemented plan) 4m - ' Fig. 6.10 Plan B : Section-3 (implemented plan) 956-3-2 Building Construction Seven of the proposed site to construct the replica of the Northwest Small Temple were investigated, and the field outside of the South Gate of the ruins, on the west side of the river was selected. This site has several disadvantages, the worst of which is the high underground water level and there are also three streams on the surface which have existed for a long time. There were so many difficulties in simply carrying out foundation work on the land that it became expensive. To protect the building from the water a lot of waterproofing measures was required, including construction of a platform at a height of 1.5 meters. The temple was reconstructed on top of this platform for good ventilation. 1. Foundation (1) Digging a pit 1.5 meters in depth, then casting 0.125 meter thick concrete (47.71 cubic meters) over the bottom surface, and three layers of asphalt and two layers of asphalt felt above the concrete base. (2) Building a 1.5-meter high and 1.2-meter thick wall above the concrete base using cement and cobble, and applying a damp-proof treatment on both the inner and outer wall surface (three layers of asphalt and two layers of asphalt felt). (3) Building a 1 .5 meter high and 1 .2 meter thick brick wall on top of the cobble-concrete wall and then treating it with waterproof materials on both surface (three layers of asphalt and two layers of asphalt felt). (4) Building base structures to the same height as in the original temple with rammed earth (709 cubic meters of rammed earth in total). (5) Installing 1 83 meters of hidden electrical wires. (6) Building the foundation of halls with 117 cubic meters of rammed-earth. (7) Securing wall base with concrete encirclement (60.99 cubic meters) to procure quality and security of construction. (8) On the outer face of the brick-constructed base wall, constructing a 1 .65 meter high and 1 meter thick wall with rammed earth. 2. Walls Building surrounding walls measuring 6.5 meters high and 87.75 meters in total length by the pilling up wet bricks method. 3. Main hall (1) Constructing a stupa measuring 3.1 meters by 3. 1 meters at the base and 1 2.95 meters high. (2) Constructing the walls by pilling up mass of earth. (3) Forming an entrance of the hall without door. (4) Treating walls with a coating of mud and stalks as a mural base. (5) Constructing a barrel-vault made of mud-bricks between the central tower and walls; and above the eaves installing lotus-form parts to accelerate the drainage of rain water. 4. Monks' living quarters (1) Building inner walls by pilling up wet bricks. (2) Covering the entire monks' living quarters with an vaulted-roof. 96(3) Constructing eaves according to the construction design. 5. Underground cellars (1) Lining the inner wall surface with masses of earth to be in keeping with the feature of the original ruins. (2) Although traces of vaulted ceiling remain in both of the underground cellars, applying the roof with wooden beams. 6. Antechamber ( 1 ) Building walls of the same height and thickness as those of the original temple ruin. (2) Supporting the coffer-ceiling with wooden beams. 7. Lighting (1) Installing completely hidden wires. (2) Installing small casting bulbs at the foot of wall surfaces in the main hall. 8. Windows and Doors (the following are requirements) (1) That the bivalve door of the temple opens inwards and is of the same style as those of the cave temples at Toyuk Buddhist Caves and an arch above the wooden door¬ frame with mud-bricks. (2) That the bivalve door of the antechamber opens inwards. (3) That the univalve doors of the living quarters open inwards. (4) That the windows of the temple are of the old folk-style commonly used in Turfan. 9. Courtyard (1) Paving the ground surface with yellow square tiles. (2) Building steps with earth tone yellow pottery bricks. (3) Reconstructing wells as there were in the Northwest Small Temple. 10. Technical requirements (1) That the damp and water-proof treatment should be secured to make the natural environmental conditions around the ground and walls of the halls same as those on the plateau of the original Jiaohe ruins. (2) That the foundations of the replica be sufficiently strong to resist earthquakes over grade 7 on the Richter Scale. (3) That the walls of the replica be constructed by pilling of wet bricks with the exception of walls of the main hall room which should be made by pilling up mass of earth; that die physical properties (moisture content, density), compressive resistance, tensile strength, rupture resistance, elasticity modules, shearing stress, and chemical composition (salt, organic compounds, acid and alkali) of the replica's walls are identical to those of the original temple. (4) That the replica retain the same size as the original temple. That the surviving structures of the original temple be exactly copied and reconstructed, and the damaged and destroyed parts rebuilt according to designs approved by Chinese and Japanese specialists. 97PI. 6.7 Foundation Work Replica of the Northwest Small Temple PI. 6.8 Piling of wet bricks PI. 6.9 General view of the construction site PI. 6.1 0 Execution of Vault work 986-3-3 Statues and Murals 1. Re-creation of the murals Painting 220 square meters of murals in total. (1) North Wall The north wall measures 3 1 .25 square meters and has been painted with the following themes and motif: the thousand Buddhas, Jatakas and decoration pattern. The thousand Buddhas are depicted as in a state of meditation. These are separated each other by the difference of colors. The six Jataka stories painted in rectaugular frames are delineated on the lower middle part of the cellar' s north wall with the first one being a story of Dharmakara. In this story, Prince Dharmakara, son of Mahabrahma Devaraja who is king of the eighteen Brahmalokas, is seen to be about to jump into a fire in order to obtain the True Law and encourage the conversion of all mundane lives; Indra and Brahma keep hold of the prince and other relatives are shown as attempting to dissuade the prince from committing this act of supreme sacrifice. The flame is in the shape of a lotus, implying that the fire pond would transform into a lotus pool after the death of the prince. The second Jataka story concerns Mahasattva-Kumara-Raja, the crown prince who, to save the life of a tiger dying of starvation, feeds the tiger with his own flesh and blood. The third Jataka story is about Sivi, one of Sakyamuni's former incarnations. In order to redeem the life of a dove pursued by an eagle, Sivi cuts off his own flesh and presents it to the eagle which is really Siva in disguise in an attempt to test the strength of Sivi' s conviction. The main character of the fourth Jataka story is King Vikramaditya. The king drives one thousand nails into his own body and, enduring immeasurable pain, receives the preaching of the Buddha. The fifth Jataka story is about Ksantirsi, Sakyamuni in a previous incarnation. The word Ksantirsi means the patient or enduring rsi, a fitting name for one who withstands the great pain caused by broken limbs and a severed face and never abandons his religious aspiration. The sixth Jataka story depicts the deeds of Maitribala-Raja, king of merciful virtue or power, also a former incarnation of the Buddha. To obtain the conversion of the Yaksas, Mattribata-Raja relieves the Yaksas' hunger and thirst with his own blood and energy. (2) East Wall The east wall is 31 .25 square meters in area and the murals on the wall depict the following: (a) the thousand Buddhas, identical to those on the north wall; (b) the thousand Buddhas with each Buddha accompanied by a Bodhisattva, created in reference to frescos in No. 38 Cave at Toyuk; (c) the standing Buddha, with composition also in reference to Toyuk cave; (d) two Nidana legends on the upper and lower middle parts of the right section of the wall; the one on the upper part depicts the legend of Dharmasoka who was awarded the honor of building stupas to propagate Buddhism as a reward for his devotion to the Buddha in his previous life; the other delineates Sakyamuni's first preaching in the Deer Park at Sarnath after attaining Buddhahood (or enlightenment); (e) preaching of the Buddha (above 99the Nidana series); Buddha is accompanied by two Bodhisattvas; (f) donating monks (below the Nidana series); (g) decorative patterns, which are used to frame or separate different figures. All patterns are created in reference to the remaining murals at Toyuk caves. (3) West Wall Murals are so arranged that they are seen as symmetrical to those on the east wall; however, the themes of Nidana stories are different. One story depicted on the west wall is about the conversion of Kasyapa, an esteemed Brahmana and the most famous of all Sakyamuni's disciples. The other tells how Sakyamuni attains Buddhahood or enlightenment after numerous trials and tribulations. (4) South Wall The mural paintings cover 23 square meters. The central part of the South Wall is the entrance doorway. Similar figures and motifs are depicted symmetrically on each side of the doors. They include: (a) two preaching Buddhas on each of the upper parts of walls besides the entrance who are rendered in similar fashion as Buddhas on the east and west walls but are given dissimilar gestures and movements; (b) the donating monks, below the preaching Buddhas; (c) Maitreya, the Future Buddha, on the lunette place above the exit; (d) Bodhisattvas in meditation, on both sides of the lunette; (e) the thousand Buddhas, between Maitreya and Bodhisattva; and, (0 decorative patterns. (5) Barrel-vault The surface area covers 32 square meters and is decorated with lotus-flower patterns. (6) Stupa The paintings on the stupa amount to 70 square meters. The stupa has one niche on each of its four sides. The interior surfaces of the niches are decorated with representations of halos, and the niches are flanked by attendant Bodhisattvas, one on each side. On top of each niche is the image of an apsaras. There are five Yaksas placed below each niche on the front and side faces of the stupa and one row of stupas below the one on the pillar's rear side. 2. Creation of the statues On each side of the stupa is a niche with an idol inside; above the idol are two rows of four meditating Buddhas smaller in size than the idol. There are a total of 36 statues with four major idols each measuring 1 50 centimeters high, 98 centimeters wide and 70 centimeters thick and exhibiting varying gestures and standing/sitting positions. The idol in the front niche sits cross-legged with his hands showing the gestures of Skt. abhaya and Skt. vara (varada). Skt. abhaya represents fearlessness, with hands lifted, fingers extended and pointing upwards, palms facing the front, while Skt. vara is known as the "bestowing" gesture where hands are dropped, fingers extended and pointing downwards, palm facing the front. The idols in the back and side niches sit in different positions and their hands are in the gesture of Skt. dharmacakra-pravartana, meaning "turning the wheel of law" where hands are placed in front of the chest with a finger of one hand touching the other hand. "Turning the wheel of law" is interpreted as setting in motion the Wheel of Truth and Salvation. The Buddha images inside the two rows of smaller niches above the major idol on all of the four faces have the same standing/sitting positions and gesture, and each measures 10066 centimeters in height, 47 centimeters in width and 26 centimeters in thickness. 3. Technical requirements (1) Murals Mural base walls should be prepared in traditional ways, i.e. a small amount of straw, flax, wool and sand be mixed with the mud to render the treated wall surface crack- resistant and slightly water-absorbent. Murals should be painted primarily with colors used in traditional Chinese painting, although a few other kinds of pigment such as propylene may be applied as supplementary materials. Murals should be painted following the lines of traditional Chinese artistry. (2) Statues Clays from mountains in the region should be used to re-create sculptures; and a proper amount of sand and fibre should be mixed in to harden the clay, but not any organic materials. The Buddha images inside the smaller niches above the major idol should be of molded plaster. 4. Painters and Technicians The contractor for the re-creation of the murals and statues is the Xinjiang Institute of Kuchean Caves. The Institute has two senior painters with over 20 years of professional experience, as well as one junior, two assistants and three contracted painters and three contracted technicians. 5. Illumination All electric wires should be hidden. Small casting bulbs should be installed 10 centimeters above the ground surface of the Grand Hall to provide lighting that is soft and unobtrusive. PI. 6.1 1 Recreation of Statues PI. 6.12 Recreation of IVlurals 1016-4 Construction Work of the Embankment There was the threat that the river at the northeast side (the Yaemaizi River) would flow directly against the cliff, so an embankment was constructed along approximately one third of the river as a flooding countermeasure. Due to a lack of detailed data concerning flow volumes, the plan for the embankment was prepared based on assumed volumes. (The volume of flow is now being monitored.) There are two types of embankment: a hard concrete type, and a soft type constructed using ramming. Because of problems with hard embankments such as washing out of the foundations, a soft embankment was chosen in principle. PI. 6.13 Embankment Buried soil Natural ground Stone Stream bed Fig. 6.1 1 Embankment paved with Stone Natural ground Stone Fig. 6.12 Embankment build of Stone 1026-5 Plan for Visitor's Paths Visitor's paths should be planned by taking note of conservation of the ancient ruined structures, securing the safety of visitors, ease of understanding of the ruins, and productivity of spatial experience. The main path of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe is the North-South Boulevard from the South Gate to the Great Temple. This functions as an administrative path as well as a path for visitors, and the North-South Boulevard was left as the main path. For the purpose of branch paths for visitors, the road structures of the ruins must be utilized as they are. According to the character of the ruins sùuctures, the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe can be classified into several different zones, i.e. the dwelling house zone, the Government Offices zone (including the plaza and the East Gate), the temple zone (including the Great Temple and the Northwest Small Temple), and the graveyard zone. Currently, there are no sections, with only a few exceptions, which visitors are forbidden to enter, thus visitors should freely walk around the main and branch paths, and be able to understand the ruins of Jiaohe easily. Meanwhile, the places to which entrance is to be restricted include precipices, lookout places (for the prevention of danger), and upper parts of the remaining roofs of dwelling houses, etc. (for the protection of the ruins and for the prevention of danger). These were dealt with by setting a notification board. Furthermore, visitors are allowed not only the roads of ancient ruins but also on areas where collapsed walls permit thoroughfare. This is indeed undesirable for the conservation of the ruins. Visitor traffic should be prohibited in such areas by repair/restoration of the walls, but these were dealt with by placing caution notices. It is not necessary to make any visitors roads in the graveyard zone, but signboards to lead visitors to the locations of graves accessible to interior observation are necessary. In such case, pamphlets containing explanatory notes on visitors roads and ancient ruins and closely connected to signs at the sites are indispensable. This, however, was not executed due to the budget. Bricks used on visitors path were marked as 1994 and 1995, which are the years of restoration, and were used along the path to make it clear that some parts were restored in recent years. PI. 6.14 The open space in front of the Great Temple 103PI. 6.15 Execution of visitors' path PI. 6.16 Bricks used on visitors' path j,^^^ . - , The open space in front -'f'^/ \ of the Great Temple Northwest Small Temple East Gate Observation Platform South Gate Newly Constructed Improved existing path Fig. 6.13 Sites of visitors' path 1046-6 Improvement of Explanatory Facilities and Outdoor Exhibitions Guides to the ruins, models of ruins mounted outside, explanatory panels for each ruin, information boards along paths, warning signs and rules were posted on boards because there was not enough information for visitors. The foundations of the boards were made low so as not to disturb the scenery of the ruins, and the boards were painted in a color and texture similar to soil. Explanatory panels were made of ceramic material for good weather resistance and explanations were written in Uygur, Chinese and English. The explanatory panels for each ruin were installed at easy-to-fmd positions, and guidance boards and signs were located in appropriate places. Models of the ruins were placed at the entrance of the ruins, so that visitors are able to gain an overview of the entire ruins. PI. 6.17 Explanatory panel PI. 6.18 Information board PI. 6.19 Models of the ruins PI. 6.20 Large information panel of ruins 1056-7 Construction of the Base Camp To help the implementation of the Jiaohe Protection and Conservation Project, a base camp was constructed at an empty lot behind the Turfan Museum in March 1993. The base camp passed an acceptance check in June and was put to use in July, 1993. The area of the camp is 250 square meters with 175 square meters of constructed area designated for accommodation and office space. There are five double rooms, one meeting room, one computer room, and a dining hall which can accommodate 20 people. PI. 6.21 Base Camp .ÓSOl ¿"05 |«0¡ 3'>t5 \t¿0\ 2A05 \l¿''%t6l\ 2405 \650\M Z40Í ^iâoUSO 0 © @ ® ® Fig. 6.14 Plan of the Base Camp 3=1:250 1066-8 Emergency Preservation Works 6-8-1 East Gate Although the state of preservation of the East Gate is relatively good, the structure has many cracks and there is a chance that it may collapse and injure visitors. Protective walls were built to support the damaged areas on the north and south sides of the gateposts as an emergency, temporary preservation measure. Lids were placed on all of the six wells which were excavated for the survey. An explanation panel for the East Gate was installed. 6-8-2 Underground Temple The Underground Temple was buried under soil and sand before it was excavated and so it was protected from natural or artificial hazards. Since the excavation of the temple, weathering of the temple progressed rapidly, increasing the possibility of the murals peeling off. Since urgent preservation measures were required, it was decided that the entire Underground Temple should be covered to protect against wind, rain and sunlight. The cover reduced destruction caused both naturally and by people, and has improved conditions to allow for more comprehensive preservation and restoration work in the future. Bricks were used at the top and bottom of the enclosing structure, clumps of soil were stuffed between the bricks, and the roof of the enclosure was covered with rafters and straw mats. Ventilation holes were cut in the walls of the enclosure. 6-8-3 Infant Burial Ground The infant burial ground extends over 1,000 square meters, and about 320 tombs can be seen on the ground. As the number of visitors increased, these tombs were damaged and some of them were plundered. Bones and clothes excavated from the tombs were scattered on the ground. To solve these problems, a fence (height: 1.2m, length: 75 m) and a gate were erected along the infant burial ground, a cliff which was easy to climb and allowed access into the burial ground was closed off, and an explanatory panel was installed. 6-8-4 Wells There are more than 300 wells around the temples, the Government Offices and the residential areas, and most were buried by earth and sand. The depths of the wells excavated varied between approximately 27 and 30 meters, and therefore represented a danger to visitors. Concrete covers were placed on top of all of the excavated wells, except for one well which was fitted with a wooden lid, which can be opened and closed, to allow observation of the water level. 6-8-5 Pits for Sacrificed Horses for Jushi Nobility During the excavation of the tombs of the nobility of the Jushi Era, 27 pits of horses and camels sacrificed for the dead were found around No. 2 tomb, and 26 around No. 3 tomb. It was decided that those pits should be sealed to preserve them for future study. The main burial chambers of the two tombs of the nobility, and the pits of the sacrificed horses and camels were sealed using concrete lids to avoid erosion by wind, sand and rain-water. 107PI. 6.22 East Gate PI. 6.23 Exterior, Completed Temporary Structure that Protects the Underground Temple PI. 6.24 Interior, Completed Temporary Structure that protects the Underground Temple PI. 6.25 Infant Burial Ground 108PI. 6.26 Lids Covering Wells in the East Gate PI. 6.27 Wells Í PI. 6.28 Lids Covering Pits of Immolated Horses 1097. Policy of Preservation Plan 7-1 Policy of Preservation Plan The policy of the preservation plan for the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe is indicated below. The characteristics of the landscape of Jiaohe is that basic urban structure of the ancient time, can be understood from the remains of the ruined structures on the ground, as well as that, and the lapse of time since the downfall of the city can actually be felt. The primary policy of this plan is to protect this condition. More specifically, the primary aim is to protect the ruined structures from any further damage, minimize the construction of facilities within the boundaries of the site, and avoid repairs which may interfere with the integrity of the ruins. Furthermore, it is important not to conduct new developments around the site. Based on the results of the excavation and on document research, special emphasis must be placed on accurately maintaining the authenticity of the ruined structures when executing conservation work and repairs. Also, thorough scientific research must be conducted prior to any repairs, which must be carried out only after a careful investigation of the research. Emergency preservation measures, however, shall not be limited to the above policy. The preservation and restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe shall be positioned as a site museum which shows their characteristic features as well as their historical significance, and shall provide visitors with historical information which can easily be understood. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe preservation aims to make the ruins function as the core site of both culture and tourism for the Turfan district. 1107-2 Sitescape Preservation The present view of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe is good and there is no particular problem with the view of the surrounding area. Grapes and cotton which are the main crops around Turfan are grown on farmland in the valley. Trees such as willow and plum, and mulberry grow here and there in the fields, and the scenery is full of regional features. Residential dwellings and grape drying facilities in the area are made of sun-dried bricks, creating a valuable architectural appearance. It is not thought that this area will undergo rapid development, but many souvenir shops may be constructed in a disorderly manner as the number of visitors increases. It is necessary to designate not only the ruins, but also the surrounding area, as a scenic preservation area. Ill8. Plan for Preservation and Restoration 8-1 Overall Plan Preservation and restoration plans include visitors' paths around the ruins. The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe were divided into five zones to prepare for preservation and restoration. A-zone : It was decided to re-bury the ancient tombs and graves at the northwest of the site in order to preserve them, and these tombs and graves will not be open for public viewing except for the Underground Temple. B-ZOne : In addition to the Northwest Small Temple, whose restoration work has been completed, the Northeast Small Temple and the Pagoda Grove are isolated from other buildings and should be objects of preservation program as a matter of urgency. C-zone : Structures at the center of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are in a relatively good condition. Preservation work will focus on the Great Temple and large dwellings, stressing the importance of the scenery of the ruins. The open space in front of the Great Temple will be an area where facilities such as drinking water will be made available during seasons when a lot of people visit the ruins. D-zone : The Government Offices are concentrated in this zone. The structure of the Government Offices will be surveyed and full-scale restoration will be carried out on damaged areas such as the Underground Path. The Infant Burial Ground is also in this zone. Tombs will be preserved by covering them with earth. E-zone : The structures in this zone have suffered serious damage. Preservation efforts will only be expended on some of the relatively well-preserved structures; other ruins will be maintained in their current state. Cliff zone : Tests of methods to prevent the cliff from collapsing will be carried out on a selected part of the cliff. The test results will be monitored and analyzed in order to determine the shoring-up method to be adopted. Then full-scale work, which will require a long time, will be carried out on the cliff. An embankment is under construction at the bottom of the cliff in the east, although only partially at the moment, as a preventative measure against flooding. The embankment will be connected continuously when it is completed in the future. Service zone : Resting places where souvenirs are sold and residential quarters for caretakers and other staff are located outside the South Gate of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Guidance facilities, large information panel for ruins, an exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple, and parking facilities have recently been constructed. Services such as providing explanations and information of the ruins and drinking water will be available to visitors in this zone. Surrounding area : Paths will be constructed so that visitors may easily observe valuable ruins located near the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, including the tombs and graves at Yarkhot and the Buddhist caves. Information required by visitors will be conveyed by way of explanatory panels, information boards, and pamphlets. 112Ô Fig. 8.1 Overall Plan of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 1138-2 Collapse-prevention Plan of the Cliff Side 8-2-1 Preservation Process of the Cliff Side Investigation and maintainning records of major areas in imminent danger of collapse Setting areas for fixed point observation and regular monitoring Monitoring the level of underground water, the volume of river flow and the level of water in the river Changes in the period of three to five years Determination of construction methods 8-2-2 Stabilising of the Splitting Plateau A method of construction via inter-block girding is considered a practicable approach to the prevention of collapse of the long columnar muddy deposit blocks. It is questionable, however, whether the strength of the blocks can withstand intervention by such a test method. The method would have to be tried at selected test sites in the region of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and having comparable geological conditions to the plateau in order to monitor the girding for secular changes. The repairs would have to be limited to such sites where, if left unrepaired, collapse appeared imminent and where important ruins are encompassed or nearby. Resin injection is also theoretically possible but not realistic in terms of cost as it would need to be applied to the entire area of the plateau if adopted. 8-2-3 Prevention of Erosion This may be accomplished by reinforcement with injections of resin or other suitable materials in order to prevent erosion of the debris flow deposits that have poor erosion resistance. If this approach works, prevention of collapse or retardation of the progress of collapse can be expected. However, depending on the circumstances, there exists a possibility of fostering formation of latent fractures which are closed at present. After strength tests of the deposits and upon delineation of the groundwater conditions within the plateau and of the effects of rainwater permeating through surface fractures on the plateau, the approach would have to be undertaken at selected sites of comparable geological condition in the region of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and the repairs monitored for secular changes. There are no sufficient data to ascertain whether flooding is a major factor contributing to collapse. It is necessary to assess beforehand the degree with which floods are contributing to the breakdown of the cliff, based on talus deposits at the cliff base, the vegetative cover, etc. Should this be established, embankments would have to be constructed to reinforce the cliff base to check erosion. The critical sections are those adjacent to the river channels which are very susceptible to erosion, and those with significant risk of collapse. In any event, site investigations by specialists of river engineering, civil engineering and applied geology as well as analysis of cumulative hydrogeological and meteorological data on the site is needed. Nevertheless, a measure to protect the cliff from flood erosion by means of wire cylinders may be effective as a temporary step. It is necessary, even in such instances, to eliminate possible de novo expansion of eroded areas via altered watercourses resulting from the placement of wire cylinders. 1148-2-4 Possible Stabilising methods Here, examples of construction methods to inhibit cliff collapse selected solely on the basis of presumed mechanisms of collapse are given, together with comments on their appropriateness. 1. Ground anchor method (A form in which the cliff aspect is retracted with piano wires or steel rods fixed to deep foundations.) This procedure requires a large-scale exterior scaffolding and a great number of anchorages. In addition, devices to support foundation blocks subject to collapse from anchor boring may, depending on their quantity, offer the risk of destruction which would amount to collapses over scores of years to come. 2. Reinforced concrete wall protection (A construction method wherein the outer circumference of the cliff is enclosed with a reinforced concrete wall) The cliff aspect is protected and sham finishing of the wall surface is practicable. However, this procedure requires caution inasmuch as it is conducive to the inward progress of cracking, thereby leading to fine fragmentation into earth and sand. Furthermore, there is a great risk of destruction of the landscape. Thus the method is of little value other than as a means of protection against serious calamities. 3. Foundation injection method (Inter-foundation binding by packing mortar or other suitable material into cracked spaces of the foundation) Although even minute cracked spaces may be filled with a binder solution or suspension, precautions should be taken against the risk of destruction due to the pressure of injection and against the possibility of collapse caused by injecting material that differs in thermal expansion rate from the materials being bound. It would be effective, nevertheless, to carry out concomitant supplementation to the sand layer in a horizontal direction insofar as the injection is implemented only after a thorough evaluation of the type of binder solution/ suspension, method of injection and pressure of injection. 4. Mini anchor method (Inter-block binding in the uppermost part of foundations via miniature anchors composed of reinforcement rods and an appropriate resin) This procedure entails the risk of collapse due to binding operations as well as for concurrent collapse of bound blocks that may occur in the event of developed cracks or adjacent block defects. Assessment of the anchoring procedure is needed, and benefits from restoration by this method alone seem to be unlikely. 5. Suppression by ground fill (Earth is laid on the ground directly at the foot ofprecipice, thus reducing the height of the cliff, in order to prevent erosion from wind or river water at the foot of the cliff.) When implemented in a way that it does not spoil the landscape, this method alone affords no appreciable adverse effects. Plantation provides stabilization of the raised ground and adds to the repaired scene. Many other construction methods can be considered but, at present, a combination of methods 3. and 4. above seem to be effective in our opinion. 1158-3 Physical Treatment Plan of the Ruins 8-3-1 Destruction Protection Plan The countermeasures taken by the Chinese authorities for the conservation of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe during the period 1979-1980 comprised repair of the thinned parts of the natural wall component with sun-dried bricks that had been newly prepared. The areas repaired with sun- dried bricks are fairly well retained and considered to be satisfactorily serving their role as a windbreak to protect the natural wall component against strong winds. The repaired regions of the wall, though serving as a windbreak, however, are not functioning as a support to hold the wall. In other words, the bricks are poorly adhered to the wall which they are to support; there are spaces between the wall and the bricks. In addition, the bricks mar the historical scene of the structures in as much as the layering of sun-dried bricks is distinct from the architectural techniques originally employed for these structures. Considering the environmental conditions of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, the preservation method used for the Northwest Small Temple is considered to be appropriate. The places repaired in the temple will be continuously monitored over the next few years, and if the repairs remain stable, the same method will be used as the principal restoration method for other parts of the ruins. However, the most appropriate method for individual ruins should be determined according to the conditions of each ruin. To improve the adhesion of materials used for repair to the original wall, it is necessary to remove superficial deterioration from a thin surface of the layer. The following examples may be mentioned as potentially useful construction methods: 1 . Material made from broken pieces of the ruins and calcium tubercles is installed by ramming. (The method was used in the Northwest Small Temple.) 2. Concrete supports and steel frames are used for seriously damaged places and ramming is applied in the same way as mentioned above. 3. Material made by mixing plastic and lime with locally available soil is used for the restoration of places in no danger of collapse, in order to prevent the weathering of surfaces. Structures carved into natural ground which are hable to collapse are currently being reinforced with steel frames by the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. For such areas, countermeasures must be taken after detailed work in regard to the state of deterioration and weight of the roof region of the structure. Although it is possible to utilize methods using anchors with vertically inserted steel frames, supports just using steel frames which are less visible are more appropriate, considering the technological and materials procurement problems at the site. 8-3-2 Preparation for ruin survey forms The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe was once a city and there are a large number of ruined structures. If tombs in the surrounding area are included, then the number of ruins is enormous. Survey forms for the ruins will be prepared in order to understand the state of each ruin in an efficient manner to be managed using computers. The preferred order for restoration will be determined based on the data in the survey forms. 116Table 8. 1 Process ofpreservation for ruins Preparation of ruin survey forms I Selecting places which require urgent preservation Selecting places which require preservation and restoration I Preservation work and record of the work Survey Archaeological survey and survey of architectural history Physicochemical survey for preservation Engineering survey Planning Planning for restoration and utilization Installation Report Table 8.2 Example of the ruin survey form Address : Name : Type: _-- ^rr~~^ \ ' _~ --^ Date of approximate mesurement : Mesurement by : Structure : Present Condition: Approximate plan : Details : Photo : Approximate elevation : Address : Name : Date of excavation : Subject : Report : Findings : Date of preservation and restoration : Subject : Report : Details : 1178-4 Chemical Treatment Plan of the Ruins Regarding the collapse of the tops of walls caused by rain and sunlight, the current state of wall tops will be recorded precisely and each occurrence of damage will be repaired individually. It is thought that this approach to repair is sufficient to maintain the scenic beauty of the ruins. Applying plastic is one method of preservation, but it is too expensive to cover the entire ruins. Furthermore, judging from the amount of ultraviolet rays, the plastic would decompose quite quickly and it is dubious to how long it would be effective. It would be difficult to find material sufficiently durable to withstand such a severe natural environment. Erosion caused by the prevailing northwesterly wind is visible in many places. Although there is no single significant preventative measure, some treatment should be applied, including treatment of the surface of ruins where erosion is progressing rapidly. If plastic were used as a preservation material, long-term tests at the site would be necessary. 1188-5 Repair and Restoration Plan There are many types of repairs, including repairs which will not change the current state of the ruins and repairs to restore the original shape of the ruined structures. Repairs can be carried out using materials and methods which are clearly different from the original building materials and having a clearly visible finish, or using materials and methods as similar to the original construction as possible. The latter method should be selected for ruins made of earth. It is desirable that the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe be repaired in a way which, in principle, does not affect the current state of the ruins, taking into consideration the preservation of the scenery. If restoration is going to be carried out, including the restoration of roofs, the following two conditions should be absolute prerequisites. Firstly, there should be sufficient data gained from excavation surveys, analogy surveys, and other sources to restore most of the original construction. Secondly, the restoration should have little impact on the scenery of the ruins, and take into account the site and size of the ruins. In the case of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, it is not appropriate, except for some dwellings, to restore buildings to their original structure considering the preservation of the scenic aspect of the ruins. As with the exibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple, the restoration of ruined structures to their original form should be reconstructed outside the site of the ruins. Materials and methods which are as similar to the original construction as possible are used for repairs carried out in the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Therefore, areas which have been repaired should be clearly recorded. Precise restoration plans and details of work carried out should be recorded in printed reports which must be maintained. The following are restoration plans for each ruin. 8-5-1 Northwest Small Temple Required repairs were completed in this project. The repaired places will be monitored continuously on an annual basis and the monitored results assessed. If the repairs maintain their integrity over a period of five to ten years, the same preservation method will be used for other structures. Protection of places where excavation surveys were carried out is not sufficient. Excavated structures should be re-buried under the soil and some important ruins strengthened using plastic. It is possible to draw water from excavated wells, so a well should be exhibited with an attendant to show the life-style at that time. 8-5-2 Restoration Plan for Dwelling Houses Repairs of the ruins will be conducted in principle in order of the degree of necessity of urgent preservation treatment. The ruins of the inhabitants' houses are very helpful in understanding the lives of people at that time. It will be possible to completely restore dwellings to their original structure in part of the residential area without disturbing the scenic appeal of the ruins. If dwelling houses were to be restored completely, visitors to the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe may feel as if they have travelled back to the time when Jiaohe was full of life. One of two dwelling areas can be restored to show the original features: one is the dwellings of the Sui and Tang Dynasty (east of the site) and the other is the dwellings of Qu's Period (west of the site). 8-5-3 Repair and Restoration Plan for the East Gate Regarding the structure built for military purposes, it is easier for visitors to understand the features of the building using a restored model rather than partially restore the ruins. It is desirable to 119establish a visitors' path starting from the East Gate leading towards the tombs and graves in Yarkhot and the Buddhist caves in the future. 8-5-4 Great Temple If repairs to the Northwest Small Temple maintain their integrity after a certain number of years, then the same method can be employed for repairs to the Great Temple. Because the Great Temple is bigger than the Northwest Small Temple, long-term academic surveys and surveys for preservation will be required. Excavation surveys should be organized so that visitors can observe the site of the survey. After completion of restoration surveys, a model of the Great Temple with the original structure will be created for installation outside. The model should be made of metal considering durability against the severe climatic conditions and damage caused by people. 8-5-5 Government Offices The entire structure of the Government Offices is still not clear. Systematic survey and measurement is required. There is a danger that part of the ceiling constructed by hollowing out the ground will collapse, although it is less acute compared to the danger of collapse of the observation platform. That part of the ceiling is currently supported using simple steel frames, but full-scale preservation work is called for. 8-5-6 Underground Temple A temporary enclosure protects the Underground Temple from rain and direct sunlight. Although this enclosure is effective to a certain extent, it is not perfect, and the door of the enclosure has been broken and people have intruded inside. A permanent shelter should be installed for the Underground Temple and the inside of the temple monitored and preserved. Visitors should be allowed to enter the temple only in the presence of an attendant. The height of the permanent shelter should be as low as possible in consideration of the scenery of the ruins. 8-5-7 Observation Platform The observation platform is currently supported by temporary steel frame scaffolding. Full- scale work is required to prevent the ceiling from collapsing. Methods including strong materials which are able to be attached and removed are being considered, such as applying earth anchors suspended from above or using 'H' steel girders. The observation platform is in urgent need of preservation and a preservation method should be determined as quickly as possible to start the work. 8-5-8 Pagoda Grove and Northeast Small Temple The Pagoda Grove and the Northeast Small Temple constitute one group of ruins and should be preserved as related structures. The Northeast Small Temple will be restored using the same method as used for the Northwest Small Temple. Concerning the Pagoda Grove, the state of damage should be surveyed in detail in order to judge the structural reinforcement required for the central pagoda. Regarding the other one hundred small pagodas, tests should be carried out to investigate whether treatment to increase strength using plastic and other materials is effective in preventing further weathering. If results reveal an effective method, then the method will be implemented over the years. These pagodas are valuable ruins from academic viewpoint for the study of the progress of pagodas from India to China. It is desirable to 120install an outside model of the original structure of the Pagoda Grove for visitors to understand the value of the Pagoda Grove. 8-5-9 Infant Burial Ground The Infant Tombs have a simple structure; they are simply burial holes covered by soil. The tombs are clearly seen from the ground and it is easy for people to dig or rob the tombs. Although fences have been erected to prevent people from intruding into the infant burial ground, people still destroy the tombs. Therefore the tombs should be covered by soil to a thickness of approximately 30 centimeters, so that people cannot despoil the graves so easily. 8-5-10 Tombs Tombs will be maintained as they are. Most of the tombs which were excavated will be re- buried, although some typical tombs will be shown to researchers and students of history and archaeology and other interested parties. 8-5-11 Ancient Tombs and Graves of Yarkhot Nearly 2,000 tombs are thought to be distributed over a wide dry area in the south of the city. The views of the ruins of this district are a very valuable asset. They will be preserved as they are, with only a visitors' path for researchers to be constructed. Although the tombs of the nobility of the Jushi period found in the north of Jiaohe are valuable academically, it is very difficult for ordinary people to understand the features of the tombs after they were re-buried. Therefore, it has been decided to install explanatory panels with photos of the excavated graves. Also pamphlets explaining these tombs will be printed so that people may have detailed information of the tombs and their relation to the ruins. 8-5-12 Yarkhot Buddhist Caves Although parts of the murals have peeled off and the heads of some of the Buddha images are damaged, the caves are in a relatively good state of preservation. Detailed surveys of the murals and the preserved state have not been carried out yet. Archaeological surveys, academic surveys of the murals, survey of the damage and observation of humidity are necessary for preservation of the caves. Very few people visit the Buddhist caves from the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe because there is no visitor's path. After the completion of the survey, the murals will be treated to prevent further peeling and improvements will be made to the caves such as installing new doors and an entrance to the flat area in front of the caves. After a visitor's path to the Buddhist caves has been constructed, staff will be posted according to the number of visitors. 1218-6 Plan of the Visitor's Paths In addition to the visitor's paths inside the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, it is necessary to establish paths outside of the ruins, including a path starting from the East Gate of the ruins proceeding north along the river to the tombs and graves in Yarkhot and to the Buddhist caves, a path to a viewing point of the ruins on the opposite side of the river, and a path from the exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple to the tombs and graves of Yarkhot. Paths to ruins in surrounding areas require construction of bridges and steps on steep hills, etc., so the route of such paths should be determined taking into account geological features and the river, the volume of flow, and agricultural activity in the fields. The viewing point should be sited so that visitors can enjoy the view of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and are able to study the structure of the ruins. There should be facilities which offer guidance to the exhibits and a resting place at the viewing point. 1228-7 Plan of Information and Exhibition An explanation of the Ancient Runs of Jiaohe will be available in Turfan Museum and at a guidance facility at the ruins. Explanations are generally better understood if they are given at the site, and so it is necessary to install a minimum number of explanatory boards and outside models at the ruins in positions and with designs which do not detract from the scenery of the ruins. Installation points of explanation boards were decided in this project in principle, but nothing has been done for ruins in areas surtounding the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. It is only correct to say that signs for the visitors' paths and warning notices be installed so that they do not disturb the views. Models mounted outside and explanation panels should be made of materials, such as ceramic, which have strong durability against weathering because the environmental conditions at the site are severe. Models of the ruins will be installed outside the ruins as soon as they are completed so that visitors can easily understand the original structure of the ruins. The guidance facility should be a branch of the Turfan Museum and exhibit the achievements of research and surveys of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Models of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, and fully restored models of temples and dwellings will be exhibited at the guidance facility. A lot of illustrations and films will be used in the facihty. Pamphlets of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in Uygur, Chinese, English and Japanese will be prepared. Pamphlets are required to explain the ruins in a way which is easy for people to understand and should show visitors' paths clearly. Other pamphlets with detailed explanations should be available with a charge for visitors with a deeper interest in history, and specialists. PI. 8.1 Guidance facility 1238-8 Plan of Investigation Facilities Ruins which convey the history of cultural exchange between the East and West along the Silk Road are scattered across a long distance between the ancient city of Xi'an and central Asia through the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Despite the fact that only some of the ruins have been excavated, great academic achievements have already been made. Most of the ruins are not preserved and are used for cultural tourism. There are difficulties in preserving these ruins technically, as they are situated in dry areas. Institutions for general research and survey are required in order to solve problems commonly experienced concerning the ruins of the Silk Road. Therefore, an institute will be established in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to study the cultural assets of the Silk Road as a center and to study the preservation and restoration of the ruins. This institution should stress the importance of the study of the preservation of ruins which were constructed using soil (ramming, sun-dried bricks) and should train engineers in preservation techniques. After the operation of this institution gets under way, it is desirable that the same operation apply efforts to all the ruins in the arid areas of China and central Asia, with international support. Department for Exhibitions^ related to the Silk Road J Research Department forA the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe) Research Department A for Cultural Assets J Research Department for A Preservation and RestorationJ Training Department A for Engineers J Exhibiting the Silk Road civilization and introducing the ruins. Monitoring of Jiaohe and expanding the preservation project continuously. Researching such elements as the archeological, historical, and architectural history of the Silk Road cultural assets. Researching the preservation mechanism of the ruins of the Silk Road. Training for researchers and preservation/restoration engineers of the cultural assets in areas related to the Silk Road. Fig. 8.2 Plan of the investigation facilities 1248-9 Plan of Public Utility Facilities The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe require facilities such as a guidance facility, an administration office, parking, toilets, rest places, shops and signs (for warnings and paths). However, facilities which disturb views will not be installed. Facilities which manage collected data, an administration office, parking, resting places, shops and toilets will be constructed outside of the South Gate. This spot will be a service area of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Toilets will be built at one or two more places on the plateau which do not disturb the views of the ruins. (Toilets may be built in the area where dwellings are restored to their original form.) Excavation surveys will be carried out before building toilets. Temporary resting places and shops (only allowed to sell drinking water) will be required to provide minimal services for visitors during the summer. 8-10 Management and Administration Plan The Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe must have a well established administrative operation to carry out preservation work, for the ruins to be a place of historical study, and to respond to the increase in the number of visitors. It is desirable that the administrative office be directly controlled by the Culture Agency of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region or the Culture Agency of Turfan. The administration office should be built at the site and staff of the office should patrol inside the ruins to protect them, carry out daily maintenance, taking care of facilities such as toilets, participate in the operation of managing collected data and giving information to visitors. Staff and a budget will be required to support the various administrative operations mentioned above. Publicity is also required so that the residents of Yaernaizi Groove Village and in Turfan are conscious that the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe are part of their cultural heritage, even though their religion is different. An organization to carry out systematic research and surveys of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe is required and should be enhanced in the future to manage research and surveys for all ruins along the Silk Road and develop preservation technology. Graffiti and other acts of vandalism cause much damage to ruins in China. To improve the manners of visitors, it is particularly desirable to educate people to protect their cultural assets at primary and middle schools. 1258-11 Wide-area Preservation Plan There are many ruins in Turfan, including the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe and Gaochang in particular. The preservation of these ruins should be carried out systematically, considering the specific features of each ruin. Fig. 8.3 Wide-area Preservation Plan Ancient Ruins of Gaochang This is a ruin of the capital city of Gaochang Kingdom. The Ancient Ruins of Gaochang are different from those of Jiaohe. They are situated on flat land with a castle wall made by ramming surrounding the city, and the buildings there were made of sun-dried bricks. Part of the area inside the castle wall was farmed in the past, but now the entire area is designated as a preservation zone. Full-scale preservation work has not been carried out on the Ancient Ruins of Gaochang yet. Collection of basic data, excavation surveys and preparation of a master plan for preservation and restoration, etc., are required in the same way as for the preservation and restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Preservation and restoration of the Ancient Ruins of Gaochang will be implemented according to the master plan and it is desirable to build a guidance facility for the ruins as soon as possible. Ancient Tombs and Graves of Astana The Ancient tombs and graves of Astana are famous for their murals. Some tombs are currently open to the public. Although a visitor's path is installed and maintained in relatively good condition, some parts of the inner walls are damaged and minor repairs are required. To preserve the tombs, the humidity inside the tombs and the fading of colors should be monitored over a long term, and specific preservation measures should be examined and executed. Bezkilik Buddhist Caves Visitor's paths and facilities to prevent people falling off are installed and maintained here and some of the Buddhist caves are open to the public. Bezkilik Buddhist Caves together with a view of Houyanshan Mountain are a very popular tourist attraction. However, basic data for the preservation of the caves has not been collected. Detailed data of the damage to the murals must be collected and the humidity inside the caves monitored year-round. Tests should be performed for restoration of the murals and monitoring of the restoration will be required. 126In addition, regulations to prohibit unnecessary development for tourism must be set in order to preserve the surrounding scenery. Toyuk Buddhist Caves The damage of the ruins is spreading rapidly, and preservation has become an urgent requirement. A path to be used for preservation and construction will be constructed, and temporary preservation treatment will be applied to the caves, which will remain closed to the public. Academic surveys and surveys for the preservation of the entire Buddhist caves will be performed. After that, the preservation project will be performed by making a master plan of the preservation and application. The caves will be open to the public in safe areas where the benefits of the preservation are noticeable. Paths constructed for preservation work should be capable of being used as visitor's paths in the future. 8-12 Cultural Tourism and Turfan The residents of Turfan grow grapes, cotton and kaoliang. As the number of tourists has increased in recent years, including tourists from abroad, a service industry has sprung up. A highway is under construction between Urumqi and Turfan which will halve the traveling time and will further promote the development of the service industry in the region. The principal tourist attractions in Turfan are the ruins of the Silk Road, surrounded by views of houses, grape drying facilities, vineyards and cotton fields fanned by Uygurs. The present scenery of life in the region matches the scenery of the ruins of the Silk Road to produce an exotic combination for tourists. The typical scenery of Turfan such as vine arches and vine trellises in front of shops and markets highlights the local features. New buildings are being constructed in the center of Turfan and it is a great shame that the appearance of these buildings is too gaudy and that they detract from the views of Turfan. Rules to maintain the characteristic scenery of Turfan should be established urgently, and the city should maintain its placid appearance built on a long history, while being full of life at the same time. Tourist developments often simply include the construction of hotels and souvenir shops. Developments for tourism in Turfan should value the characteristic scenery of Turfan and be based on the culture of Turfan. Such an approach would attract more tourists and bring true development to the region. 1278-13 Sitescape Preservation and Buffer Zone Plan There are many mosques including the Imin Minaret in Turfan, and there are traditional Uygur villages. There are waterways through the Karez and boulevards lined with poplars, creating the typical image of an oasis on the Silk Road. Development of center of Turfan has progressed in recent years and the roads have become refined, but now Turfan is in a situation in which it may lose its beautiful scenery. Therefore, maintaining Turfan' s scenery must be considered from this point on, and the laws must be reviewed. It is necessary to preserve the curtent scenery with vineyards, grape drying facilities and graveyards of the present time in the region surrounding the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe. Zones should be designated to regulate new developments, and the height and design of buildings, etc., should be controlled in order to preserve the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe, the Yarkhot Buddhist Caves, the tombs and graves of Yarkhot, the landscape and vegetation of villages, farm land, the Yaemaizi River and the cuffs. PI. 8.2 Yaemaizi River 8-14 Plan for Managing Organization The preservation and restoration operation of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe which are ruins of an ancient city, must cover a vast area and will last for a long time. Therefore, an organization to promote such operations should be estabUshed. It is desirable to have a team specially designated for the preservation of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe in the Culture Agency of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Archaeologists, historians, architects, civil engineers, and scientific preservation staff should participate in the designated team to carry out academic research. Projects should be implemented under concrete plans and administration management and specifically designated engineers need to be posted for this to be realized. 128Fig. 8.4 Buffer Zone of the Ancient Ruins of Jiaohe 129Appendix Photo List 1 The ruins upon a plateau and the Yaenaizi River 2 Scenery of the ruins 3 The precipice side of the ruins seen from the riverbed 4 The condition of the precipice side 5 The stupa of the Great Temple 6 Overall view of the Great Temple 7 Northeast Small Temple and the Pagoda Grove 8 Northwest Small Temple - the north wall before restoration 9 Northwest Small Temple - the front side after restoration (south wall) 10 Northwest Small Temple - the north wall after restoration 11 Northwest Small Temple - the east wall after restoration 12 Northwest Small Temple - the inside after restoration 13 Northwest Small Temple - the restored entrance 14 Northwest Small Temple - the inner surface of the east wall after restoration 15 Northwest Small Temple - the restoration scene 16 Northwest Small Temple - the wall after restoration (the boundary is distinguished) 17 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - the stairs seen from the basement 18 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - the courtyard 19 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - the external appearance 20 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - the monks' living quarter (the kitchen) 21 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - the main hall 22 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - decoration inside the main hall -1 23 Exhibition of replica of the Northwest Small Temple - decoration inside the main hall -2 24 The open space in front of the Great Temple after the inprovement 25 Establishment of the visitors path - Eastern District 26 Establishment of the visitors path - The East Gate 27 Establishment of the visitors path - the Pagoda Grove 28 Information board at the entrance of the ruins 29 Establishment of the visitors path - North-South Boulevard 30 Safety information board 31 Scenery of the ruins - the Northeast Small Temple and the Pagoda Grove 130r 10 11"^EÍ> ^Oï.^ > í 13 J^^ :-^äfe* *-^ / 1517 2024 25 2628 30 29^i jy^'ä'*^ 1 t